In English, there is a grammatical construction widely used by native speakers without question but certain writers call it wrong. Differences in use or opinion can be derived from differences between formal and informal speech and other things from the register, the difference between dialects (either regional, class based, or otherwise), and so on. Disputes may arise when style guides do not coincide with each other, or when guidelines or judgments are confronted by a large number of conflicting evidence or reasons challenged.
Video English usage controversies
Example
Some sources that consider some of the following examples incorrectly consider the same example to be accepted in a dialect other than Standard English or in an unofficial list; others assume a certain construction is wrong in various English. On the other hand, many or all of the following examples are considered true by some sources.
- Generic you - for example, "Brushing your teeth you is a good habit" as opposed to "Brushing your teeth a person is a habit good "
- Flat description - for example, "Drive safe " as opposed to "Drive securely "
- Infinitive apart - e.g. ", to bravely go where no one ever goes" as opposed to " to go bravely where no man has gone before "
- The conjunction starts a sentence - e.g., " But Mom says do not jump into bed!"
- Genitive doubles - e.g. "a friend of theirs" as opposed to "their friend" or "their friend"
- Using "me" vs. "I" in the subject complement ("This is me " compared to "This I " or "This is I ") or another case - , "Me and Bob" vs. "Bob and me"
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- This me again.
- Using "Me" vs. "I" in the oblique case, for example, "He gave the ball to Bob and me" rather than "He gave the ball to Bob and me". This is often called hypercorrection, since it is thought to be associated with avoidance of the misuse of stigma in oblique form. View Between You and Me.
- The validity of not as the first person's first negative conjunction to be in the interrogative usage - for example, " No I'm you talking about?"
- Whether to use a subjunctive mood - for example, "If I is / is a better man"
- Whether to use who or who in various contexts
- Usage less or fewer with noun count
- Double negative - e.g., "We no need no education"
- Certain dual modes - e.g., "You might be able to do it" - not considered standard, but used for example in South American English
- Double copulan - for example, "What should happen is, does that money should come from somewhere"
- End the sentence with the preposition - for example, "You need not be afraid" (vs. "you need not fear") - criticized by grammarians in the 1600s by analogy with Latin grammar and by some teachers since , although many always accept it as part of standard English
- The quoted punctuation sequence, which is American style ("Many dreams are characterized as 'raw,' 'strong,' and 'evocative'") vs. English style ('Many dreams are characterized as' crude', 'strong', and 'evocative'). Some American authorities (such as APA and CMS) require the first, while others (such as the LSA) allow, vote, or request the latter.
- Whether the verb open/close to show on/off can be used as an English collocation (ie "Open lights, please" to "Turn on lights, help"). This phrase is metaphrase and common among non-native English speakers of Hebrew, Croatian, Filipino, French, Thai, Chinese, Greek, Italian, and also among French Canadians (or English speakers of Quebec), where "open" and "close" for "on" and "off" are used instead.The construction is grammatically correct but is just out of context Calquing and linguistic transfers make this construction unfamiliar to other English speakers.
Some demands concern the question of writing style and clarity but not grammatical precision:
- Hanging modifiers (including cascading participles) are often referred to as potentially causing confusion.
- Various style guides warn the author to avoid passive voice.
- Gender neutrality in English:
- gender-neutral and gender-neutral pronouns - Replaces masculine pronouns in which they are meant to refer to a good person gender with both masculine and feminine pronouns, alternate phrases, or pronouns of a neutral neutral person grammatically controversial like their singular or newly discovered words like "hir" and "ze"
- Term for humans in general - Replaces nouns like "human" with "human"
- Sex markers in job titles - Changing nouns such as "chairman" and "workforce" with alternatives such as "chairman" and "staff level"
- Married names and girls - Do women (and men) need to change their names after marriage
- Ms. Use for equations with Mr., compared to Miss and Mrs., who have no masculine equations.
For an alphabetical list of disputes regarding a single word or phrase, see List of English words with disputed use.
Maps English usage controversies
Factors in dispute
The following circumstances can be displayed in dispute:
- Myths and superstitions
- There are a number of alleged "rules" of unclear origin that do not have a rational basis or are based on things like misreported rules taught in schools. They are sometimes portrayed by authorities as "superstitions" or "myths". This includes "rules" such as not starting a sentence with "and" or "because" or not ending with a preposition. See common misconception of English usage.
- No central authority
- Unlike some languages, such as French (which has AcadÃÆ' Â © nie franÃÆ'§aise), English has none that governs the academy, so truth judgments are made by "self-appointed authorities that, reflecting various assessments of acceptance and accuracy, often disagree ".
- Education
- While some variations in language usage correlate with age, gender, ethnic group, or region, others may be taught in school and preferably in the context of interactions with strangers. These forms can also gain prestige as a professional standard language, politicians, etc., and are called "standard English", while forms associated with less educated speakers may be called "nonstandard" (or less frequently) ") English./dd>
- Stigma
- Prescriptivist traditions can influence attitudes toward particular uses and hence the preferences of some speakers.
- Hypercorrection
- Due to the inherent stigma for violating prescriptive norms, some speakers - trying to avoid mistakes - may be wrong extending the rules beyond their scope.
- Imitation
- Use by widely respected authors can give credibility to certain constructions: for example, Ernest Hemingway is known for starting a sentence with And .
- Classic language
- Prescriptivist arguments about the truth of various English constructs are sometimes based on Latin grammar.
- Analogy with other constructs
- It is sometimes argued that certain uses are more logical than others, or that they are more consistent with other uses, based on analogy with different grammatical constructs. For example, it may be argued that the accusative form should be used for the coordinate construction components in which it will be used for a single pronoun.
Speakers and writers often do not consider it necessary to justify their position on a particular use, taking the truth or its inaccuracy to give. In some cases, people believe that the wrong expression is partly because they also believe that it is newer than it really is.
Recipes and descriptions
It is often said that the difference between the prescriptivist and descriptivist approach is that the first set how English should be spoken and written and the second explains how English < i> is spoken and written, but this is a simplification. Prescriptivist works may contain claims about the inaccuracy of various general English constructs, but they also deal with topics other than grammar, such as style. Prescriptivists and descriptivists differ in that, when presented with evidence that rules are inconsistent with actual usage of most native speakers, prescriptivists may argue that the speaker is wrong, while the descriptor will assume that the use of the majority of native speakers defines the language, and that prescriptivism has a view idiosyncratic about the correct use. Especially in older prescriptivist works, recommendations may be based on personal taste, confusion between informality and ungrammaticality, or arguments related to other languages, such as Latin.
Different forms of English
English internationally
English is spoken worldwide, and the Written Standard English grammar commonly taught in schools around the world will only be slightly different. Nevertheless, disputes can sometimes arise: for example, it is a matter of debate in India whether British, American, or Indian English is the best form to use.
Regional and etnolek dialects
In contrast to their generally high level of tolerance for the dialect of other English speaking countries, speakers often express disdain for features of certain regional or ethnic dialects, such as the use of South American English from yoall , Geordies using "yous" as a personal pronoun of the second plural, and nonstandard "to be" forms such as "The old dock under water most of the year" (Newfoundland English) or "The dock under water every other week" (English African-American).
Such humiliation may not be limited to grammatical items; speakers often criticize regional accents and vocabulary as well. Arguments related to regional dialect should focus on the question of what constitutes Standard English. For example, since dialects quite different from many countries are widely accepted as Standard English, it is not always clear why certain regional dialects, which may be very similar to their standard counterparts, do not.
List
Different constructions can be accepted in various English registers. For example, the construction provided is often considered too formal or too informal for a situation.
See also
- Barbarianism (grammar)
- Common English misconception
- Hypercorection
- List of English dialects
- List of English words with disputed use
- Linguistic recipe
- Solecism
- Standard English
References
Further reading
- Robert Lane Greene (2011). You Are What You Speak: Grammar Grouches, Language Law, and Political Identity . ISBN 978-0553807875.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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