Eye surgery , also known as ocular surgery, is an operation performed on the eye or its adnex, usually by an ophthalmologist. The eye is a very fragile organ, and requires extreme care before, during, and after surgical procedures to minimize or prevent further damage. An expert eye surgeon is responsible for choosing the right surgical procedure for the patient, and to take the necessary precautions. The name of eye surgery can be found in some ancient texts since 1800 BC, with cataract treatment beginning in the fifth century BC. Today continues to be a widely practiced type of surgery, having developed various techniques for treating eye problems.
Video Eye surgery
Preparation and precautions
Because the eye is strongly supplied by nerves, anesthesia is very important. Local anesthesia is most commonly used. Topical anesthesia using a lidocaine top gel is often used for rapid procedures. Because topical anesthesia requires cooperation from patients, general anesthesia is often used for children, traumatic eye injury, major orbitotomy and for worrying patients. An anesthesiologist, an anesthesiologist or an anesthesiologist with expertise in eye anesthesia, monitors the patient's cardiovascular status. Sterile awareness is taken to prepare the area for surgery and reduce the risk of infection. These precautions include the use of antiseptics, such as povidone-iodine, and sterile curtains, dresses and gloves.
Maps Eye surgery
Laser eye surgery
Although the terms laser eye surgery and refractive surgery are usually used as if they can be exchanged, this does not happen. Lasers can be used to treat non-biased conditions (eg to close retinal tears). Laser eye surgery or laser corneal surgery is a medical procedure that uses lasers to reshape the surface of the eye. This is done to improve myopia (nearsightedness), hypermetropia (long vision) and astigmatism (curvature of uneven eye surfaces). It is important to note that refractive surgery is not compatible with everyone, and rarely anyone may find that glasses are still needed after surgery.
The latest developments also include procedures that can change the eye color from brown to blue.
Cataract surgery
Cataracts are turbidity or opacification of the eye crystal lens due to aging, disease, or trauma that usually prevents light forming a clear image on the retina. If vision loss is significant, surgical removal of the lens may be necessary, with optical loss of power usually replaced by a plastic intraocular lens (IOL). Because of the high prevalence of cataracts, cataract extraction is the most common eye surgery. Rest after surgery is recommended.
Glaucoma surgery
Glaucoma is a group of diseases affecting the optic nerve that causes vision loss and is often characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure (IOP). There are many different types of glaucoma surgery, and variations or combinations of them, which facilitate the release of aqueous humor from the eye to lower intraocular pressure, and some that decrease IOP by reducing aqueous humor production.
Canaloplasty
Kanaloplasty is an advanced non-penetration procedure designed to improve drainage through the natural eye drainage system to provide sustained reduction in IOP. Kanaloplasty uses microcatheter technology in simple and minimally invasive procedures. To perform canaloplasty, the ophthalmologist makes a small incision to gain access to the channel in the eye. The microcatheter surrounds the duct around the iris, enlarging the main drainage channel and the smaller collector channel by injection of a material such as a sterile gel called viscoelastic. The catheter is then removed and the stitches are placed inside the duct and tightened. By opening the channel, the pressure inside the eye can be reduced.
Refractive surgery
Refractive surgery aims to correct refracting errors in the eyes, reduce or eliminate the need for corrective lenses
- Keratomilleusis is a method of reshaping the corneal surface to change its optical power. The corneal disk is shaved off, quickly frozen, ground lathe, then back to its original strength.
- Automatic flat keratoplasty (ALK)
- Laser assisted in-situ keratomileusis (LASIK)
- Laser assisted sub-epithelial keratomileusis (LASEK), a.k.a. Epi-LASIK
- Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)
- Laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK)
- Conductive keratoplasty (CK) uses radio frequency waves to shrink corneal collagen. It is used to treat mild to moderate hyperopia.
- Limbal relaxed incision (LRI) to correct minor astigmatism
- Astigmatic keratotomy (AK), a.k.a Arcuate keratotomy or Transversal keratotomy
- Radial keratotomy (RK)
- Hexagonal keratotomy (HK)
- Epikeratophakia is the removal of the corneal epithelium and replacement with the cut-up corneal lathes.
- Intracorneal rings (ICRs), or corneal ring segments
- Implanted contact lenses
- Presbyopia reversal
- Anterior ciliary sclerotomy (ACS)
- Scleral reinforcement operation for degenerative myopia mitigation
Corneal Surgery
Corneal surgery includes most of the refractive surgery as well as the following:
- Corneal transplant surgery, used to remove a cloudy cornea and replace it with a clear donor cornea.
- Penetrating keratoplasty (PK)
- Keratoprosthesis (KPro)
- Phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK)
- Pterygium excision
- Corneal tattoo
- Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis (OOKP), where support for the artificial cornea is made from the teeth and the surrounding jawbone. This is a still experimental procedure used for patients with severe eye damage, commonly from burns.
- Operation of eye color changes through iris implants, known as Brightocular, or stripping the top layer of the eye pigment, known as the Stroma procedure.
Vitreo-retinal Surgery
Vitreo-retinal surgery includes the following
- Vitrectomy
- Anterior vertitrectomy is the removal of the front of the vitreous tissue. It is used to prevent or treat vitreous loss during cataract or corneal surgery, or to remove the wrong vitreous under conditions such as aphakia pupillary block glaucoma.
- Pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), or trans pars plana vitrectomy (TPPV), is a procedure for removing turbidity and vitreous membrane through a pars plana incision. This is often combined with other intraocular procedures for the treatment of giant retinal tears, tractual retinal discharge, and posterior vitreous detachment.
- Retinal photo photocoagulation (PRP) is a type of photocoagulation therapy used in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy.
- Improved retinal detachment
- Ignipuncture is an outdated procedure involving the cauterization of the retina with a very hot spiky instrument.
- Scleral buckles are used in retinal detachment improvements to insert or "hook" the sclera into, typically by sewing a piece of cured sclera or silicone rubber onto its surface.
- Laser fotokoagulasi, or fotokoagulasi therapy, is the use of lasers to seal the retina of tears.
- Pneumatic retinopection
- Retinal crystals, or retinal cryotherapy, are procedures that use intense cold to induce chorioretinal scar and to destroy retinal or choroidal tissue.
- Repair macro holes
- Partial partial sclerouvectomy
- Partial partial sclerocyclochoroidectomy
- Partial partial sclerochoroidectomy
- Posterior sclerotomy is an opening made into the vitreous through the sclera, such as the detached retina or the removal of a foreign body [1].
- Radial optical neurotomy
- macular translocation operation
- through 360 degree retinomi
- through a scleral-rewinding technique
Eye muscle surgery
With approximately 1.2 million procedures annually, extraocular muscle surgery is the third most common eye surgery in the United States [2].
- Eye muscle surgery usually corrects strabismus and includes the following [3]:
- Leeway/attenuation procedure
- Recession involves moving the insertion of the muscle in the posterior direction toward the original direction.
- Myectomy
- Myotomy
- Tenektomi
- Tenotomy
- Tightening/strengthening procedures
- Resection
- Tucked away
- Progress is the movement of the eye muscle from its place of origin attached to the eyeball to a more advanced position.
- Transposition/repositioning procedure
- Adjustable suture surgery is an extraocular muscle jointing method using a shortened or extended puncture within the first postoperative day, to obtain a better ocular alignment [4].
- Leeway/attenuation procedure
Oculoplastic surgery
Oculoplastic surgery, or oculoplastics, is an ophthalmological subspecialty associated with eye reconstruction and related structures. The oculoplastic surgeon performs procedures such as eyelid repair of the eyelid (blepharoplasty), improvement of tear duct obstruction, orbital fracture repair, removal of tumors in and around the eye, and facial rejuvenation procedures including laser skin coating, eyebrow elevator, and even a facelift. The general procedure is:
Eyelid surgery
- Blepharoplasty (Eyelift)
- Blepharoplasty is a plastic surgery on the eyelid to remove excess skin or subcutaneous fat.
- Asian blepharoplasty
- Blepharoplasty is a plastic surgery on the eyelid to remove excess skin or subcutaneous fat.
- Ptosis repair for drooping eyelids
- Enhanced Ectropion [6]
- Entropion fixes
- Canthal resection
- A canthectomy is a tissue lifting operation at the junction of the upper and lower eyelids.
- Cantholysis is a canton surgery division.
- Canthopexy
- Canthoplasty is a plastic surgery in canthus.
- Canthorrhaphy is an external outcrop suture to shorten palpebral fissures.
- A canthotomy is a canton surgery division, usually an outer caw.
- A lateral canthotomy is the outer canton surgery division.
- Epicanthoplasty
- Tarsorrhaphy is a procedure in which the eyelids are sewn together to narrow the opening (ie palpebral fissures).
Orbital Surgery
- Ocular orbital/prosthetic reconstruction (False Eye)
- Orbital Decompression for Grave Disease. Grave disease is a condition (often associated with an overactive thyroid problem) in which the eye muscles swell. Because the eye sockets are bones, there is no place for swelling to be accommodated and as a result the eyes are pushed forward into prominent positions. In some patients this is felt. Orbitial decompression involves removing some bones from the eye socket to open one or more sinuses and making room for swollen tissue and allowing the eye to return to its normal position.
Other oculoplastic operations
- Botox injection
- Ultrapeel Microdermabrasion
- Forehead endoscopy and browlift
- Face lift (Rhytidectomy)
- Liposuction on the face and neck
- Browplasty
Surgery involving lacrimal apparatus
- Dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) or dacryocystorhinotomy is a procedure to restore the flow of tears to the nose from the lacrimal sac when the nasolacrimal duct does not work.
- Canaliculodacryocystostomy is a surgical correction for congenital blocked tears in which the closed segment is cut and the open end joins the lacrimal sac.
- Canaliculotomy involves cutting lacrimal and canaliculus punctures to remove epiphytes
- A dacryoadenectomy is a surgical removal of the lacrimal gland.
- A dacryocystectomy is a partial removal of a lacrimal sac.
- Dacryocystostomy is an incision into the lacrimal sac, usually to improve drainage.
- Dacryocystotomy is an incision into the lacrimal sac.
Eye removal
- Enucleation is the removal of the eye leaving the eye muscle and the rest of the orbital intact.
- Content expenditure is the removal of the eye content, leaving the skin scleral intact. Usually done to reduce the pain in the eyes of the blind.
- The eccentation is the removal of the entire contents of the orbital, including the eyes, extraocular muscles, fat, and connective tissue; usually for malignant orbital tumors.
Other operations
Many of the procedures described are historical and not recommended because of the risk of complications. In particular, this includes surgery performed on the ciliary body in an attempt to control glaucoma, because highly safe operations for glaucoma, including laser, non-penetrating surgery, maintained filtration surgery and seton valve implants have been found.
- A ciliarotomy is a surgical division of the ciliated zone in the treatment of glaucoma.
- A ciliectomy is 1) surgical removal of part of the ciliary body, or 2) surgical removal of the lid of the eyelid containing the eyelash root.
- A ciliotomy is a surgical part of the ciliary nerve.
- A conjunctivoanstrostomy is an opening made from an inferior conjunctival cul-de-sac to the maxillary sinus for the treatment of epiphytes. Conjuctivoplasty is a conjunctival plastic surgery. Conjunctivorhinostomy is a surgical correction of the total obstruction of the lacrimal kanalikuli where the conjunctival teranastomosis with the nasal cavity to increase the flow of tears.
- Korectomedialysis, or coretomedialysis, is the excision of a small part of the iris at the junction with the ciliary body to form an artificial pupil.
- Corectomy or coretomy is surgical surgical cutting on the iris in the pupil.
- The correlation is the surgical detachment of the iris adhesion to the capsule of the crystal lens or cornea.
- Koremorfosis is the formation of artificial pupil surgery.
- The corpuscles, or nucleoplasty, are iris plastic surgery, usually for the formation of artificial pupils.
- Coreoplasy, or laser pupillomydriasis, is a procedure that changes the size or shape of the pupil.
- Cyclectomy is the excision of part of the ciliary body.
- Cyclotomy, or cyclicotomy, is a surgical incision of the ciliary body, usually to remove glaucoma.
- Cycloization is the surgical removal of the long ciliary artery in the treatment of glaucoma.
- An iridectomesodialysis is the formation of an artificial pupil by releasing and removing a portion of the iris at its periphery.
- An iridodialysis, sometimes known as coredialysis, is a localized separation or tearing the iris from its attachment to the ciliary body.
- An iridencleisis, or corenclisis, is a surgical procedure for glaucoma in which some irises are sliced ​​and imprisoned in the limbal incision. (Divided again into basal iridencleisis and total iridencleisis.)
- iridesis is a surgical procedure in which part of the iris is carried and imprisoned in the corneal incision to position the pupil. [7]
- An iridocorneosclerectomy is surgical removal of part of the iris, cornea, and sclera.
- An iridocyclectomy is surgical removal of the iris and ciliary body.
- An iridocystectomy is a partial removal operation of the iris to form an artificial pupil.
- An iridosclerectomy is a partial removal of the sclera and part of the iris in the limbus area for the treatment of glaucoma.
- An iridosclerotomy is a sclera surgical jab and the edge of the iris for the treatment of glaucoma.
- Rhinomectomy is the surgical removal of a portion of the internal sac.
- A trepanotrabeculectomy is used in the treatment of chronic closed and chronic closed-angle glaucoma.
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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