Lane departure warning system

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In road transport terminology, lane departure warning system is a mechanism designed to alert the driver when the vehicle starts to move out of its path (unless the light is directed in that direction) on the highway and arterial road. The system is designed to minimize accidents by addressing the main causes of collisions: driver errors, distractions and drowsiness. In 2009, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Agency (NHTSA) began studying whether to mandate a lane departure warning system and a frontal collision warning system on cars.

There are three types of systems:

• System warning the driver (warning of lane departure, LDW) if vehicle leaves track (visual warning, audible, and/or vibration)
• A system that warns the driver and, if no action is taken, automatically takes steps to ensure the vehicle stays on track (lane maintenance system, LKS)
• The system takes over the wheel, keeps the car on track, and asks the driver to take over in challenging situations.

Video Lane departure warning system

Jenis sensor

Lane's warning/maintenance system is based on:

• Video sensors in the visual domain (mounted behind the windshield, usually integrated next to the rear mirror)
• Laser sensor (mounted on the front of the vehicle)
• Infrared sensor (mounted behind windshield or under vehicle)

Maps Lane departure warning system

Working principle

The track detection system used on the back of the lane departure warning system uses the principle of Hough transform and Canny edge detector to detect lane lines from realtime camera images fed from the front-end camera of the car. A basic flow diagram of how path detection algorithms serve to assist the lane departure warnings is shown in the figure.

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History

The first commemorative departure system of the production line in Europe was developed by the United States Iteris company for Mercedes Actros commercial trucks. The system was launched in 2000, and is now available in most of the trucks sold in Europe.

In 2002, the Iteris system became available in Freightliner Trucks vehicles in North America. In both these systems, the driver is warned of accidental lane distribution by the sound of the sounds that are heard on the side of the vehicle floating out of the lane. No warning is generated if, before crossing the line, an active turn signal is given by the driver.

2001

Nissan Motors began offering lane support systems on Cima sold in Japan.

2002

Toyota introduced Lane Monitoring System on models such as Caldina and Alphard sold in Japan; the system warns the driver if it seems the vehicle is starting to drift off the track.

2003

Honda launched Lane Keep Assist System (LKAS) on Inspire. It provides up to 80% of steering torque to keep the car on track on the highway. It is also designed to make driving roads less complicated, by minimizing driver steering input. A camera, mounted on the top of the windshield just above the rearview mirror, scans the road ahead in a 40-degree radius, picking up a dotted white line used to divide the borderline on the highway. The computer acknowledges that the driver is "locked into" a certain path, monitors how sharp the curve is and uses factors such as yaw and vehicle speed to calculate the required steering input.

2004

In 2004, the first passenger vehicle system available in North America jointly developed by Iteris and Valeo for Nissan on the Infiniti FX and (in 2005) the M. vehicle. In this system, the camera (mounted on the top console above the mirror) monitors the mark lane on the highway. A warning tone is triggered to alert the driver when the vehicle starts hovering over the mark. Also in 2004, Toyota added a Lane Keeping Assist feature to Crown Majesta that can apply a small counter-steering force to help keep the vehicle on track.

2005

CitroÃÆ' Â «n became the first in Europe to offer LDWS on the C4 and C5 models of 2005, and its C6. The system uses infrared sensors to monitor road markings on the road surface, and the mechanism of vibration in the seat tells the driver about the irregularities.

2006

Lexus introduced the Lane Keeping Assist multi-mode system on the LS 460, which uses stereo cameras and more sophisticated object and pattern recognition processors. The system can issue audiovisual warnings and also (using Electric Power Steering or EPS) directing the vehicle to hold the track. This also applies counter-steering torque to help ensure the driver is not over-properly or "sees" the wheel while trying to return the vehicle to the right lane. If the cruise cruise control system is enabled, the Lane Keep function works to help reduce the driver's steering input load by providing steering torque; however, the driver must remain active or the system will be disabled.

2007

In 2007, Audi began offering the Audi Lane Assist feature for the first time on Q7. This system, unlike the Japanese "help" system, will not interfere in actual driving; Instead, it will vibrate the wheel if the vehicle looks out of line. The LDW system at Audi is based on the video camera forward in the visible range, not the infrared sensor that looks down on CitroÃÆ'¡n. Also in 2007, Infiniti offered a newer version of the 2004 system, called the Lane Departure Prevention System. This feature utilizes a vehicle stability control system to help assist the driver maintain the lane position by applying a gentle brake pressure to the appropriate wheel.

2008

General Motors introduced Lane Departure Warning on Cadillac STS, DTS and Buick Lucerne models in 2008. The General Motors system warns the driver with audible tones and warning indicators on the dashboard. BMW also introduced Lane Departure Warning on series 5 and 6 series, using steering wheel to alert the driver of an accidental departure. In late 2013 BMW updated the system with Traffic Jam Assistant which first appeared on the redesigned X5, the system works under 25 mph. Volvo introduced the Departure Warning Departure and Driver Reminder control system on the 2008 model S80, executive cars V70 and XC70. Van Volvo's departure departure warning system uses a camera to track road markings and sound an alarm when drivers leave their paths without signal. The systems used by BMW, Volvo and General Motors are based on the core technology of Mobileye.

2009

Mercedes-Benz began offering Lane Keeping Assist functionality in the new E-class. This system warns the driver (with steering vibration) if it seems the vehicle is starting to leave its track. Other features will automatically disable and reactivate if it makes sure the driver is deliberately leaving his path (for example, cornering aggressively). The newer version will use the braking system to help maintain the vehicle path.

2010

Kia Motors offers the Cadenza premium sedan 2011 with the optional Lane Departure Warning System (LDWS) in a limited market. The system uses a blinking dashboard icon and emits audible warnings when white line marks are being skipped, and emits a louder warning when yellow line marks are skipped. The system is canceled when the turn signal is operated, or by pressing the disabling button on the dashboard; this works by using optical sensors on both sides of the car.

2013

Mercedes started Distronic Plus with Steering Assist and Stop & amp; Go Pilot on the redesigned S-class in 2013.

2014

Tesla Model S is equipped with Advanced Lane Assistance Systems with their 2014 release. It was also released with the Speed ​​Assist feature where front-facing cameras read traffic speed limits using computer vision recognition system vision technology, and then relayed it to the car. In the streets where traffic signs are missing, it depends on GPS data. As the car moves away from the track above 30 mph, the system rings and the steering wheel vibrates, reminding the driver of an accidental path change. This happens during the speed limit non-compliance as well.

Fiat launched its Lane Keep Assist feature based on TRW's tracking assistance system (also known as the Haptic Feedback system). This system integrates track detection camera with TRW power steering system; when accidental lane departures are detected (turning signal is not activated to indicate the driver's desire to move lanes), the electric drive system will introduce a soft torque that will help guide the driver back into the middle of the lane. Introduced at the Lancia Delta in 2008, the system earned the Best Automotive Innovation Award of the Italian Automotive Association of the Year for 2008. Peugeot introduced the same system with Citroën in its latest 308.

The airport departure warning system combines prevention with risk reports in the transportation industry. Viewnyx is implementing video-based technology to help the fleet in lowering the cost of their driving responsibilities. By providing safety managers with driver and fleet assessment reports and tools, it facilitates proactive training and training to eliminate high-risk behaviors. The Lookout Solution is used by the North American fleet, and there is research on the implementation of departure warning system on line via cell phone.

2017

The Insurance Agency for Highway Safety raises concerns that drivers may be less vigilant when relying on automated security systems or being distracted by a dashboard display that monitors how the system performs.

Two separate studies found that the lane maintenance system and the blind spot monitoring system had a lower accident rate than the same vehicle without the system. Police collision data from 25 countries between 2009 and 2015 for vehicle models where the system was sold as a single-vehicle optional drop in rates, side collisions and collisions by 11 percent, and crash injuries by 21 percent. The sample size is not large enough to control demographics and other variables.

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Keep Lane

Lane keeping assist is a feature which, in addition to the lane departure warning system automatically takes steps to ensure the vehicle stays on track. Some vehicles incorporate adaptive cruise control with lane keeping systems to provide additional security.

While the combination of these features creates semi-autonomous vehicles, most require the driver to keep control of the vehicle while it is in use. This is due to the limitations associated with the lane features.

The laneing support system is being achieved in a vehicle system without a modern driver using image processing techniques called hough transform and clever edge detection techniques. This advanced image processing technique obtains path data from a front-facing camera attached to the front of the vehicle. Real-time image processing using powerful computers such as Nvidia's Drive PX1 is being used by many Vehicle OEMs to achieve fully autonomous vehicles where Lane detection algorithms play a key part. Advanced path detection algorithms are also being developed using in-depth learning and neural network techniques. Nvidia has achieved high accuracy in developing self-driving features including lane keeping using neural network training mechanisms where they use front-facing cameras in the car and run them through a route and then using steering inputs and a camera path image is inserted into the neural network and make it 'learn'. The neural network will then be able to change the steering angle based on the path change on the road and keep the car in the middle of the track.

Tesla uses the most advanced Lane help system combined with an adaptive cruise control system that is marketed together as 'Autopilot'. This includes features such as lane-keeping assist and also automatic lane change without driver input. Similar technology for line assistance is used to perform the Autopark feature as well.

The lane regulator help mechanism can reactively change the vehicle back on track if it starts to leave or proactively keeps the vehicle in the middle of the track. Vehicle companies often use the term "Lane Keep (ing) Assist" to refer to the Lane Keep Assist (LKA) reactive and Lane Assisting (LCA) proactive but the terms are beginning to be differentiated.

Vehicles

Requires driver control while the vehicle is in use, but adjusts the wheel if the vehicle detects itself drifting off the track:

The list is displayed until model year 2015. This feature has become more widespread since.

Allow unattended driving under limited conditions

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Limitations

Lane Departure Warning Systems and Lane Keeping Systems rely on visible lane signs. They are usually unable to decipher faded, missing, or incorrect trajectories. The snow-covered marks or old traces of the old lane are visible to inhibit the system's ability.

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See also

• Autonomous car
• Precrash System
• Adaptive shipping control
• Blind spot monitor
• Smart cars
• Sophisticated front lighting (turning headlamps)

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References

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External links

• Consumer Reports has an extensive list of current vehicles with different security systems such as lane keep assist

Source of the article : Wikipedia