Lipstick is a cosmetics product that contains pigments, oils, candles, and emollients that apply color, texture, and lip protection.
Many colors and types of lipstick exist. Like most other types of makeup, lipstick is usually, but not exclusively, worn by women. Some lipsticks are also lip balm, to add color and hydration.
Although the name was initially applied to the stick (stick) material, in a tubular container, usually about 10mm in diameter and 50mm in length this term is now generally transferred to the material itself, regardless of the method of application.
Video Lipstick
Histori
Sejarah awal
The ancient Sumerian men and women were probably the first to discover and wear lipstick, about 5,000 years ago. They destroy gemstones and use them to decorate their faces, especially on the lips and around the eyes. Egyptians like Cleopatra destroy insects to create a red color on their lips. Also, around 3000 BC to 1500 BC, women in the ancient Indus Valley Civilization applied red lipstick to their lips for facial decoration. Ancient Egyptians wore lipsticks to show social status rather than gender. They extract red dye from fucus-algin, 0.01% iodine, and some bromine mannite, but this dye produces a serious illness. Lipstick with a sparkling effect was originally made using pearlescent substances found in fish scales.
During the Golden Age of Islam, the famous Andalusian cosmetologist Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) discovered a solid lipstick, which was given a fragrant statue that was rolled and pressed in a special mold, and he described it in Al-Tasrif .
The Chinese made some of the first lipstick made from beeswax more than 1,000 years ago to protect the smooth lip skin. During the Tang Dynasty (CE 618-907), perfumes were added to them, giving the estates an interesting factor.
In Australia, Aboriginal girls will paint their mouths red with ocher for puberty rituals.
United Kingdom
Lip coloring began to gain popularity in 16th century England. During the time of Queen Elizabeth, bright red lips and striking white faces became fashionable. At that time, lipstick is made from a mixture of beeswax and red stains from plants. Only upper-class women and male actors are wearing makeup.
Throughout most of the nineteenth century, the apparent use of cosmetics was not considered acceptable in England for respectable women, and it was associated with marginalized groups such as actors and prostitutes. It was considered brash and rude to wear makeup. In the 1850s, reports were being published to alert women about the dangers of using lead and vermilion in cosmetics applied to the face. At the end of the 19th century, Guerlain, a French cosmetics company, began producing lipstick. The first commercial lipstick was invented in 1884 by perfumes in Paris, France. It was covered in silk paper and made of deer fat, castor oil, and beeswax. Before this, lipstick had been made at home. The complete acceptance of the unconcealed use of cosmetics in England seems to have arrived for the fashionable Londoner at least in 1921.
United States
In the 19th century, lipstick colored with carmine dyes. Carmine dye is extracted from cochineal, a genus-scale insect of Mexico and Central America that lives in cactus plants. Cochineal insects produce carminic acid to prevent predation by other insects. Carminic acid, which forms 17% to 24% by weight of dry insects, can be extracted from insect bodies and eggs. Mixed with aluminum or calcium salts it makes carmine dyes (also known as cochineal).
This lipstick does not come in a tube; it was applied with a brush. Carmine dye is expensive and the look of carmine colored lipstick is considered unnatural and theatrical, so the lipstick is wrinkled for everyday wear. Only actors and actresses can get away with lipstick. In 1880, some stage actresses wore lipsticks in public. The famous actress, Sarah Bernhardt, began wearing lipstick and rouge in public. Before the end of the 19th century, women just make up their faces at home. Bernhardt often applies carmine dye to his lips in public.
In the early 1890s, carmine was mixed with oil and wax base. The mixture gives a natural look and it is more acceptable among women. At that time, lipstick is not sold into metal tubes; it is sold in paper tubes, colored paper, or in small pots. The Sears Roebuck catalog first offered a rouge for lips and cheeks in the late 1890s.
In 1912 fashionable American women had come to consider lipstick accepted, though an article in the New York Times suggested the need to apply it carefully.
In 1915, lipstick was sold in a cylindrical metal container, which Maurice Levy had discovered. Women had to shift a small lever on the side of the tube with the tip of their nails to move the lipstick to the top of the casing, although lipstick in a push-up metal container has been available in Europe since 1911. In 1923, the first rotary tube patented by James Bruce Mason Jr. in Nashville , Tennessee. When women start wearing lipstick for photos, photography makes lipsticks acceptable among women. Elizabeth Arden and Estee Lauder started selling lipsticks at their salon.
During the Second World War, metal lipstick tubes were replaced by plastic and paper tubes. Lipstick is rare during that time because some important ingredients of lipstick, petroleum oil and castor oil, are not available. World War II enabled women to work in engineering and scientific research, and by the late 1940s, Hazel Bishop, an organic chemist in New York and New Jersey, created the first long-lasting lipstick, called No-Smear lipstick. With the help of Raymond Specter, an advertiser, Bishop's lipstick business is thriving.
Another form of lip color, a wax-free, semi-permanent liquid formula, was discovered in the 1990s by the Lip-Ink International company. Other companies have mimicked the idea, bringing about a long-lasting "lips stain" or "liquid lip color."
Maps Lipstick
Lipstick Trends
Throughout the early 20th century, lipstick came in limited numbers.
The old red is one of the most popular nuances of the 19th and 20th centuries. Dark red lipstick popular in the 1920s. Flapper wearing lipstick to symbolize their independence. Lipstick is worn around the lips to form "Cupid bow," inspired by actress Clara Bow. At that time, it was acceptable to apply lipstick in public and at lunch, but never at dinner.
In the early 1930s, Elizabeth Arden began introducing different lipstick colors. He inspired other companies to create various nuances of lipstick. In the 1930s, lipstick was seen as a symbol of adult sexuality. Teenage girls believe that lipstick is a symbol of femininity. Adults see it as an act of rebellion. Many Americans, especially immigrants, do not accept adolescent girls who wear lipsticks. A study in the 1937 survey revealed that over 50% of teenage girls quarreled with their parents with lipstick.
In the mid-1940s, some juvenile books and magazines stressed that men prefer a natural look rather than a contrived look. Books and magazines also warn girls who wear cosmetics can ruin their popularity and career opportunities. The implication of this article is that lipstick and rouge are for teenage girls who act very provocatively with men. Despite the increased use of cosmetics, it is still associated with prostitution. Teen girls are not advised to wear cosmetics for fear that they will be mistaken for "loose" girls or prostitutes.
In the 1950s, film actresses Marilyn Monroe and Elizabeth Taylor helped bring back dark red lips. A 1951 survey revealed that two thirds of teenage girls wore lipsticks.
In 1950, chemist Hazel Bishop formed a company, Hazel Bishop Inc., to promote the discovery of long-lasting, blister-free "kissproof" lipstick ("stick to you... not on him"), which quickly gains acceptance. In the late 1950s, a cosmetics company called Gala introduced a shiny pale lipstick. Later, Max Factor created a popular lipstick color called Strawberry Meringue. Manufacturers of lipstick start making lipstick in lavender, pale pink, white, and peach. Because parents generally like teenage girls who wear red lipstick, some teenage girls start wearing pink and peach lipstick, which is a trend. White or almost white lipstick popular in the 1960s. Rock groups such as Ronettes and Shirelles popularized white lipstick. The girls will use white lipstick above the pink lipstick or put the concealer under the eyes on their lips. During that time, many lipsticks are either matte, thin, or slightly sparkling. In the 1960s, lipstick was associated with femininity. Women who do not wear lipstick are thought to be suffering from mental illness or lesbianism.
In the 1970s, a number of cosmetics companies introduced lipsticks in more unusual colors such as light blue (Kanebo), frozen lime lime ( Conga Lime by Revlon), and glistening silver marine ( Metallic Grandma by Biba). MoAoC cosmetics continue to release limited editions and highly collectible lipsticks in a variety of colors and finishes, including unusual colors of violets, blues, and greens.
Black lipstick became popular in the late 1970s and entered the 1990s. In the 1950s, black lipstick has been worn by actresses who starred in horror movies. It became popular again due in part to the subculture of punk and goth.
In the mid-1980s, so-called mood lipsticks were sold to adults by major cosmetic companies. This type of lipstick changes color after it is applied, based on changes in skin pH that should reflect the wearer's mood. Previously it had been available as a makeup for a little girl. They experienced a revival in the early 21st century, offered with a line of cheap and exclusive cosmetics, and color changing chemicals also appeared in lip gloss, such as Smashbox O-Gloss, and blush, like Stila Custom Color Blush.
In the 1990s, the color of lipstick became semi-matte. Shades of chocolate are very popular. These colors are inspired by several performances like "Friends". In the late 1990s and into the 21st century, the nuances of pearls became very popular. Lipstick is no longer matte or semi-matte, they are glistening and contain several pearls of interference.
In 2012, bold colors are boldly trendy again with saturated colors like hot pink, neon, and orange.
In 2014 and early 2015 naked lipstick came to be very popular. This lipstick follows a general trend where "less is more". Examples of celebrities who promote this trend are Paris Hilton and Gorgeous Teeth.
By the end of 2015 and 2016 liquid lipstick, which applies like a gloss but matte-drying, it becomes popular with brands like Anastasia Beverly Hills. The most common form comes in a tube, applied with an applicator's wand.
Lipstick also has many variations including lip balm, gloss, crayons, pencils, liners, and stains. Balm and glosses tend to be more translucent and not dark or bright.
Sexual interests
Lesbian lipstick is a woman who is usually attracted to other women, but she is still feminine and has a "girly" identity. The term lesbian lipstick became popular when used by writer Deborah Bergman, a reporter for The Los Angeles Times. While running the LA Times, he created Lesbian News. "The Lesbian News is responsible for popularizing the 'lesbian lipstick' who was born in L.A. and has recently been renowned worldwide through the television series, The L Word" (Faderman 275).
Materials
Lipstick contains candles, oils, antioxidants, and emollients. Candles provide a strong structure of lipstick. Lipstick can be made from some candles such as beeswax, ozokerite and candelilla candles. Due to its high melting point, carnauba wax is the main ingredient in strengthening lipstick. Various oils and fats are used in lipstick, such as olive oil, mineral oil, chocolate butter, lanolin, and petrolatum.
Lead and other trace metals are also found in many lipsticks. It is impossible to tell if these metals are in lipstick by looking at the list of ingredients because they are not accidental materials added, but rather accidental contaminants. These trace metals are naturally occurring and are inadvertently picked up with other chemicals used in lipstick production. Lead and other trace metals will not be listed in the material portion of different lipsticks. Look for lead acetate, chromium, thimerosal, hydrogenated cottonseed oil, sodium hexametaphosphate on the list of lipstick ingredients. These chemicals contain small amounts of naturally occurring metals, such as lead.
Lipsticks get their color from various pigments and dye lakes including, but not limited to bromo acids, D & amp; C Red No. 21, Calcium Lake like D & amp; C Red 7 and D & amp; C Red 34, and D & amp; C Orange Number 17. Pink lipstick is made by mixing white titanium dioxide and red shades. Organic and inorganic pigments are used.
Matte lipstick contains more fillers such as silica but does not have many emollients. Creme lipstick contains more wax than oil. Thin and long-lasting lipsticks contain more oil, while long-lasting lipsticks also contain silicone oil, which seals the color to the lips of the wearer. Glossy lipstick contains more oil to give a shiny touch to the lips.
Shimmery or ice lipstick may contain mica, silica, and synthetic pearls, such as oxycloride bismuths, to give them glittering or sparkling luster.
Lipstick made of grinding material and heating. Then the heated wax is added to the mixture for the texture. Oil and lanolin are added to the requirements of a special formula. After that, the hot liquid is poured into the metal mold. The mixture is then cooled. After they harden, they are heated in fire for half a second to create a shiny end result and to eliminate imperfections.
Main trail
In 2007, a study by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics released a report entitled A Poison Kiss that tested 33 popular lipstick brands for its main content. The study found that 61 percent of lipsticks contain lead with levels of up to 0.65 parts per million (ppm). Research conducted by the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics brings public knowledge and puts pressure on the FDA to conduct their own studies using specialized testing methods. In 2009, the FDA released a follow-up study for the Campaigns report for Safe Cosmetics and found the lead in all 20 samples tested. Lead levels range from 0.09 to 3.06 ppm. The highest level of lead in the 2009 FDA study was lipsticks made by Cover Girl, L'Oreal, and Revlon.
In 2010, the FDA conducted an expanded survey on previous research, which expanded testing of up to 400 lipsticks available in the US market at the time. The study was conducted by Frontier Global Sciences, Inc. using the same test method as 2009. The study found an average of 1.11 ppm compared with an average of 1.07 ppm in a 2009 study. The maximum lead level found was 7.19 ppm at Maybelline's Color Sensational 125 - Pink Petal. This is more than twice the maximum limit found in a 2009 study.
Lead is not listed as an ingredient in lipstick, but trace amounts can be found in mineral-based additives. Lead naturally occurs in soil, water, and air. This means that tin can find its way into the raw material used in lipstick color additives. The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics lists the chemicals for concerns that can contain toxic chemicals such as lead.
While only trace amounts of lead are ingested from lipstick, lead accumulates in the body, which can lead to lead poisoning. The most common lipstick users are adolescent and adult women. A study conducted by the University of California - Berkley found that women apply lipstick anywhere from two to fourteen times a day. This means up to 87 milligrams of product consumption per day. Lead to swallowing is very worrying for pregnant women because lead can enter the fetus from the mother.
The FDA is the governing body of cosmetic safety under the FD & amp; C. Cosmetics governed by the FD & amp; C does not need to be approved for pre-market sales, but pre-market approval is required for color additives used in lipstick. Currently, the FDA has not set acceptable acceptable levels of lead limits for lipsticks, but has set specifications for lead in color additives used in lipsticks. The maximum FDA tin limit rate is 20 parts per million in cosmetics; However, because lipstick is absorbed through the skin and is only ingested in very small amounts, the FDA does not "consider the level of lead we find in lipstick to be a safety concern". The CDC, on the other hand, reports that no safe blood levels for lead and even low lead levels affect IQ, ability to pay attention, and academic achievement. The effects of lead exposure can not be fixed.
In the local language
- The phrase "lipstick on the collar" is a euphemism to describe a man having an affair with a partner.
- A "lesbian lipstick" is a gay or bisexual woman who exhibits feminine gender attributes. The term alliteratif is considered to have been used generally during the 1980s to distinguish between lesbians who embrace a more conventional gender role and those who do not. In some contexts, it has a pejorative connotation.
- Lippy is colloquialism for common lipstick in some anglophone areas.
- The phrase "lipstick on a pig" is a euphemism for not successfully trying to make something interesting (or some ideas) that is inherently unattractive.
- The song "You're the Top" from 1935's Colway Porter's Broadway 1934 Cole Porter's music refers to the Lipstick drumstick . A New York-based company with a French-sounding name, Parfums Charbert (founded in 1933 by William Gaxton and Herbert Harris, closes its doors around 1963/1964), produces a line of Drumstick perfume/cosmetics (which features drum-shaped florons as their trademark). ) that includes Lipstick Drumstick . The ad for this product appeared in New York Times in 1934.
In forensic science
Traces of lipstick, cosmetics, nail polish, or other smears can be found in drinking glasses, cups, cigarette butts and tissue paper and all can be significant forensic evidence in criminal investigations, especially in cases such as sexual assault, murder, government or corporate corruption and controversy.
Lipstick, as physical evidence, can be found in clothing, body parts of victims or inmates, tissues, cigarettes, etc. By comparing the lipstick composition with that of the victim or witness, forensic scientists may show direct or indirect evidence of contact or association between the plaintiff and the defendant. Also, it is sometimes possible to extract saliva DNA from a print lipstick that might link the suspect to their presence at the scene.
Various other methods of forensic lipstick analysis are used. For example, a small amount of lipstick (about 10 G) can produce a good comparison in Thin Layer Chromatography.
See also
- Lip enlargement
- Lip balm
- Lip gloss
- Lip liner
- Lips lip
- Lip stain
- The lipstick effect, the observation that lipstick sales tended to increase during the economic downturn
- Lipstick feminism
- Lipstick (Jedward's song), a song sung by Jedward's twin bands for Eurovision 2011 "Feel Your Heart Beat"
- Sarah Britten, lipstick artist
Note
References
- Berg, Hue. Beauty: New Foundation . New York, NY: Workman Publishing, 2001. ISBNÃ, 978-0-7611-0186-4 (0761101861).
- Forman-Brunell, Miriam. Girls in America: Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBNÃ, 1-57607-206-1.
- Mansour, David. From Abba to Zoom: The End 20th Century Pop Culture Encyclopedia . Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2005. ISBNÃ, 978-0-7407-5118-9
- Mitchell, Claudia, and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh. Girl Culture: An EnsiklopedBeauty: The New Basics . New York, NY: Workman Publishing, 2001. ISBNÃ, 978-0-7611-0186-4 (0761101861).
- Forman-Brunell, Miriam. Girls in America: Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2001. ISBNÃ, 1-57607-206-1.
- Mansour, David. From Abba to Zoom: The End 20th Century Pop Culture Encyclopedia . Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2005. ISBNÃ, 978-0-7407-5118-9
- Mitchell, Claudia, and Jacqueline Reid-Walsh. Girl Culture: Encyclopedia . Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2007. ISBNÃ, 0-313-33908-2
- Riordan, Theresa. Discovering the Beauty: The History of Innovation That Makes Us Beautiful . New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group, 2004. ISBNÃ, 0-7679-1451-1.
- Sherrow, Victoria. For Sake Appearance: The History Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty and Grooming . Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2001. ISBNÃ, 1-57356-204-1.
- http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/codices/pdf/grolier_kerr.pdf
he . Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2007. ISBNÃ, 0-313-33908-2
- Riordan, Theresa. Discovering the Beauty: The History of Innovation That Makes Us Beautiful . New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group, 2004. ISBNÃ, 0-7679-1451-1.
- Sherrow, Victoria. For Sake Appearance: The History Encyclopedia of Good Looks, Beauty and Grooming . Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2001. ISBNÃ, 1-57356-204-1.
- http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/codices/pdf/grolier_kerr.pdf
External links
- Media related to Lipstick on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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