Spelling spelling is a spelled word pronunciation, contrary to standard or traditional pronunciation. Words are spelled with mutes (eg island , knives ), or are traditionally spoken with reduced vowels or abandoned consonants (eg cabinets , Worcester ), may be subject to spelling.
If the word spelling has been standardized before a sound change that results in a "traditional" pronunciation, spelling pronunciation may reflect older pronunciations. This often happens with compound words (eg vest , cabinet , forehead ). This also applies to many words with silent letters (eg often ), though not all - silent letters are sometimes added for etymological reasons, to reflect the spelling of words in their native language (eg victual >, rhymes with little but comes from Late Latin victualia ). Some mute letters are added on the basis of false etymology, as in the case of the island and sickness words.
Spelling pronunciations are generally considered to be inappropriate alongside traditionally accepted pronunciations, and usually more broadly. If spelling pronunciation persists and becomes more general, it can eventually join the existing form as acceptable (eg vest and often ), or even become dominant pronunciation (as with forehead and falcon ). If words are rarely more frequent in writing than in speech, spelling pronunciation may be regarded by most people, while traditional pronunciation is only maintained by older or educated people.
Video Spelling pronunciation
Prevalence and causes
A large number of easily visible spelling pronunciations occur only in languages ​​like French and English where spelling tends not to show current pronunciation. Since all languages ​​have at least a few words that are not spelled like they are spoken, even words like Finnish with most words written phonetically, spelling pronunciations can appear in any language where most people just get enough education to learn to read and write but not enough to understand when the spelling fails to show the modern pronunciation. In other words, when many people do not clearly understand the relationship between spelling and pronunciation, spelling pronunciation is common.
On the other hand, spelling pronunciation is also evidence of the mutual effect of spoken language and writing to each other. Many spellings are older forms and older corresponding pronunciations. However, some spellings are not etymologically correct.
Although many people may believe (with varying degrees of accuracy) that written language is "more correct", which, in turn, can become self-fulfilling prophecy, with written language affecting and changing spoken language and resulting in pronunciations similar to the longer pronunciations or even new pronunciations suggested by spelling but never before.
Maps Spelling pronunciation
Sample English words with common spelling
- a , unlimited articles, usually pronounced /?/, which makes sense contraction word one from which /w? n/ it originated. If pronounced with stress or articulation very carefully, however, it is pronounced /e?/, which is spelling pronunciation.
- often , pronounced with /t/. It was actually a reversal to 15th century pronunciation, but the pronunciation was not/t/still favored by 73% of English speakers and 78% of American speakers. The old dictionary does not include pronunciation with/t/though the 2nd edition of OED (and the first edition records pronunciation with comments that are prevalent in southern England and "often used in singing"; see American Regional English Dictionary for a contemporary quote that addresses the status of competing pronunciation). The sporadic nature of the shift is seen in examining examples such as whistles , listening and softening where t > still usually silent.
- forehead after rhyme with terrible but now pronounced with second syllable as /h? d/ by 85% of American speakers and 65% of English speakers.
Spelling throws raises opinions. Often, those who retain the old pronunciation consider spelling as a sign of ignorance or insecurity. Those who use the pronunciation of spelling may not realize that it is one and consider the historical-authentic version to be messy for "scattering" letters. In contrast, users of some innovative pronunciations such as "Febuary" (for February ) can regard historical and phonetic-authentic versions as spelling a long-winded spelling.
Henry Watson Fowler (1858-1933) reported that in his day, there was a conscious movement among schoolteachers and others who encouraged people to abandon the anomalous traditional pronunciation and to "speak while spelling". According to early modern early English scholars (Dobson, Wyld et al.), In the 17th century, there was an early "intellectual" trend in England to "pronounce as you spell". It presupposes the standard spelling system, which was just beginning to take shape at the time. Similarly, a large number of "corrections" are slowly spreading from scholars to the general public in France, beginning a few centuries ago.
Various pronunciation spellings are adaptations phonetics, pronunciation of foreign words written in the frame phonemic system language receive: an example of this process is the garage ( [? A? A :?] in French) sometimes spoken [ '? ÃÆ' Â| ?? d ??] in English. Such adaptations are very natural and are often favored by speakers who are aware of sound and attention.
Children and strangers
Children who often read often produce spelling pronunciations because if they do not consult a dictionary, they just spell out to show unusual pronunciations in spoken language. A second language student who reads well may also produce spelling pronunciations.
In some cases, populations in previously non-English areas may retain a second language marker in the now English-speaking English-speaking population. For example, Standard English English is full of spelling pronunciations from when Scotland was incorporated by the British in the 17th century.
However, since there are many words read far more often than they are heard, native speakers of the native language are also affected. In such circumstances, "spelling pronunciation" may be more easily understood than others. That, in turn, leads to the evolution of the language mentioned above. What is spelling pronunciation in one generation is often the standard pronunciation in the next generation.
In other languages ​​
In French, modern pronunciation of the 16th-century French writer Montaigne as [m ?? t ??] , rather than contemporary [m ?? ta?] , is spelling pronunciation.
When the English club was first borrowed into French, the approved pronunciation was/club/, as a reasonable approximation of the English language. The standard then becomes/klyb/on the basis of the spelling, and then, in Europe,/kloeb/, is considered closer to the original English. Standard pronunciation in French Quebec remains [kl? B]. Similarly, shampoo "hair wash product" when borrowing is /??? pui?/ but now /??? pw ??/
In Modern Hebrew, the word ????? ( [? e? t] , meaning 'sin') is sometimes pronounced ['? e? tÃÆ'¤] , as suggested by the spelling, especially by children. Another example of spelling pronunciation is Hebrew Sephardic ???? ( ['kol] , which means all) is pronounced as [' kÃÆ'¤ l] and ????????? ( ['tso.o? ÃÆ'¤jim] , meaning midday) is pronounced as ['tsÃÆ'¤.o? ÃÆ'¤jim] because of how the vowel point kamatz katan (??), which denotes [o] , visually identical to kamatz, which shows [ÃÆ'¤] .
In Italy, some of the earliest English loan words are pronounced in accordance with Italian spelling rules such as water bowl ('toilet bowl', from English
Some alien foreign names are usually spoken in conformity with the pronunciation of the original language (or approximate approximation), but they maintain older spellings when they are used as part of the Italian street name. For exame, Edward Jenner's name maintains a common English pronunciation in most contexts, but Viale Edoardo Jenner (main street in Milan) is pronounced ['vjale edo'ardo' j? Nner]. The use of such ancient spellings may be driven by the habit of translating the names given when the path is named for the stranger: Edoardo for Edward , or Giorgio for < i> George because Via Giorgio Washington .
In Spanish, "ch" in some German words is pronounced /t?/ or /?/, instead of /x/. Bach pronounced correctly [bax] , and Kuchen is ['kuxen] , but Rorschach is ['ror? a?] , rather than ['ror? Ax] , Mach is [ma?] or [mat ?] , and Kirchner is ['kir? ner] or ['kirt? ner] . Other spelling spellings are pronounced club [club] , iceberg pronounced [i? e '? er] in Spanish (in Americs, pronounced ['aisber?] ), and folclor and < i> folclore as a folklore translation, pronounced [fol'klor] and [fol'klo? E] . Also in Spanish, an acute accent in the French word ÃÆ' Â ¢ lite is taken as a sign of Spanish stress, and the word is pronounced ['elite] .
When the Polish language borrows words from English with its spelling preserved, its pronunciation tends to follow the Polish rules. Words like "marketing" are pronounced as spelled, not more loyal "markytyng."
In Vietnam, the early "v" is often pronounced as "y" ( [j] ) in central and southern varieties. However, in a formal speech, speakers often return to spelling pronunciations, which are increasingly being used in casual speeches as well.
See also
- People's etymology
- Heterography
- Hypercorection
- Hyperforeignism
- Orthography
- Spelling reform
- Padonkaffsky jargon
References
Source
- See index entry under "spelling pronunciation" from Leonard Bloomfield, Language (originally published in 1933; current edition 1984, University of Chicago Press, Chicago; ISBNÃ,81-208- 1195- X).
- Most of the etymology and above spelling history are taken from the Oxford English Dictionary.
- Neuman, Yishai. L'influence de l'ÃÆ' Â © criture sur la langue, PhD dissertation, Paris: Sorbonne Nouvelle, 2009.
- -. "Graphophonemic Assignment", G. Khan (ed.), Hebrew Language and Linguistic Encyclopedia, Volume 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 135-145
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