Quotes are references to published or unpublished sources (not always original sources). More precisely, the quotation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of intellectual work which shows an entry in the bibliographic reference section of the work for the purpose of recognizing the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion in the place where the quotation appears. Generally a combination of in-body quotations and bibliographic entries is what is generally considered a quote (whereas bibliographic entries themselves do not). The reference to a single, readable machine statement in electronic scientific articles is known as nanopublications, a form of microattribution.
Quotes have several important purposes: to uphold intellectual honesty (or avoid plagiarism), to associate previous or unoriginal work or ideas with the right source, to enable the reader to independently determine whether the referenced material supports the author's argument in the manner claimed, and to help the reader measure the strength and validity of the material the author has used. As Roark and Emerson say, quotations relate to the way the author understands the substance of their work, their position in the academic system, and the moral equality of their place, substance, and words. Despite these attributes, many of the drawbacks and shortcomings of citation practice have been reported, including for example honor quotes, in-depth citations, discriminatory quotes, selective and arbitrary quotes.
Quote forms generally subscribe to one of the generally accepted citation systems, such as Oxford, Harvard, MLA, the American Sociological Association (ASA), the American Psychological Association (APA), and other citation systems, because their syntactic conventions are widely known. and easily interpreted by the reader. Each quotation system has advantages and disadvantages. Editors often specify citation systems to use.
Bibliography, and other reference compilations such as lists, are generally not regarded as excerpts for not meeting the true spirit of the term: deliberate recognition by other authors of the priority of one's ideas.
Video Citation
Drafts
The bibliography mark is a reference to a book, article, webpage, or other item published. Quotes should provide details to uniquely identify the item. Different systems and citation styles are used in scientific excerpts, legal citations, previous art, art, and humanities.
Maps Citation
Content
Citation content may vary depending on source type and may include:
- Book: author (s), book title, place of publication, publisher, publication date, and page number if appropriate.
- Journals: author (s), article title, journal title, publication date, and page number.
- Newspapers: author (s), article title, newspaper name, section title and page number if desired, publication date.
- Website: author (s), corresponding article and title of publication, and URL, and date when the site was accessed.
- Play: Inline quote offers section, scene, and line number, last separated by period: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin refuses Tanya as he free to be his, and just decide he wants it when he's married "(Pushkin 4 452-53).
- Poems: slashes are usually used to indicate separate lines of poetry, and the parentheses quotes usually include the line number (s). For example: "Because I have to love because I live/And live in me is what you give." (Brennan, line 15-16).
- Interview: the name of the interviewer, interview descriptor (eg personal interview) and interview date.
Unique identifier
Together with information such as author (s), publication date, title and page number, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work referred.
- The book excerpt may include International Standard Book Number (ISBN).
- Any volumes, articles or other specified portions that may be periodically identified may have Serial Items and their associated Contribution Identifier (SICI) or International Standard Serial Number (ISSN).
- An electronic document may have a digital object identifier (DOI).
- Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier (PMID).
System
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems, Vancouver systems and parenthetical references. However, the Board of Science Editor (CSE) adds a third, quote-name system.
Vancouver System
The Vancouver system uses sequential numbers in text, either parentheses or superscripts or both. The numbers refer to footnotes (note at the end of the page) or endnotes (note on page at the end of the paper) that provides the source details. The records system may or may not require a complete bibliography, depending on whether the author has used the complete notes form or short note form.
For example, a quote from a paper text using a without full bibliography can look like:
- "The five stages of sadness are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance." 1
Note, located at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (final note) will look like this:
- 1. Elisabeth KÃÆ'¼bler-Ross, Death and Death (New York: Macmillan, 1969) 45-60.
On a paper with a complete bibliography, a brief note might look something like:
- 1. KÃÆ'¼bler-Ross, On Death and Death 45-60.
The bibliographic entry, required with a short note, would look like this:
- KÃÆ'¼bler-Ross, Elisabeth. On Death and Death . New York: Macmillan, 1969.
In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to provide anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like an actual quote is additional material, or suggestions for further reading.
Parenthetical Reference
Parenthetical references, also known as Harvard references, have full or partial quotations, in text, enclosed in circular brackets and embedded in paragraphs.
Examples of parenthetical references:
- "The five stages of sadness are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance" (KÃÆ'¼bler-Ross, 1969, p 45-60).
Depending on the choice of style, a fully quoted parenthetical reference may not require the ending. Other styles include citation lists, with full bibliographic references, at the end, sorted alphabetically by the author. This section is often called "References", "Bibliography", "Works cited" or "Works consulted".
The text references for online publications may differ from conventional parenthetical references. The full reference can be hidden, displayed only when desired by the reader, in the form of tooltip. This style makes quoting easier and improves the reader experience.
Name-quote system
Superscript numbers are inserted at the reference point, as in quote-sequence systems, but citations are numbered according to the order of the works cited at the end of the paper or book; this list is often sorted alphabetically by the author.
Styles
The style of quotation can be broadly divided into general styles for Humanities and Sciences, although there is a lot of overlap. Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and include a system of brackets and quotes. Others, such as MLA and APA styles, define the format in the context of a single quote system. These can be referred to as quotation formats and citation styles. Guides thereby determine the order of appearance, for example, publication date, title, and page number following the author's name, in addition to punctuation conventions, use of italics, emphasis, parentheses, quotation marks, etc., Especially for style.
A number of organizations have created styles to meet their needs; consequently, a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variation, and some works are so long established to have their own quote method: Stephanus pagination for Plato; Bekker number for Aristotle; quoting the Bible with books, chapters and verses; or Shakespeare's notation by playing.
Humanities
- The Chicago Style (CMOS) was developed and the guide is The Chicago Manual of Style . It is most widely used in history and economics as well as some social sciences. The closely related Turabian style - derived from it - is for student reference, and is distinguished from CMOS by omitting quotes in the reference list, and mandatory access date citations.
- The Columbia Style was created by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to provide detailed guidance to cite internet sources. Columbia Style offers a model for humanities and science.
- Evidence Explained: Citing Cyberspace's Historical Source of Artifacts to Cyberspace by Elizabeth Shown Mills includes primary sources not included in CMOS, such as censuses, courts, lands, government, businesses, and church records. Includes sources in electronic format. Used by genealogists and historians.
- The Harvard reference (or date-writing system) is a specific insertion reference type. The parenthetical reference is recommended by the British Standards Institution and the Modern Language Association. The Harvard reference involves short-term author-reference, for example, "(Smith, 2000)", inserted after the text quoted in parentheses and a full reference to the source listed at the end of the article.
- The MLA style is developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in art and humanities, especially in English studies, other literature studies, including comparative literature and literary criticism in languages ​​other than English ("foreign languages"), and several studies interdisciplinary, such as cultural studies, drama and theater, film, and other media, including television. This citation and bibliographic format uses an insertion reference with the author's page (Smith 395) or the [title-page] short author (Smith, Contingency <42) in the case of more than one work by the same author in the sign brackets in the text, typing into the list of alphabetical sources on the "Quoted Jobs" page at the end of the paper, as well as notes (footnote or endnotes). See the MLA Style Manual and the MLA Handbook for Authors of the Research Documents , especially the Citation and bibliography format.
- The MHRA Style Guide is published by the Association of Modern Humanities Research (MHRA) and is most widely used in arts and humanities in the UK, where MHRA is headquartered. It is available for sale both in the UK and in the United States. Similar to MLA style, but it has some differences. For example, the MHRA style uses footnotes that reference full references while also providing bibliographies. Some readers find it advantageous that footnotes provide complete citations, not brief references, so they do not need to consult a bibliography while reading for the rest of the publication details.
In their research on footnotes in scientific journals in the field of communications, Michael Bugeja and Daniela V. Dimitrova have found that quotes for online sources have a degree of damage (as quoted page is derived), which they call "live beak", which makes footnotes in those journals are less useful for scholarships over time.
Other experts have found that published replication does not have many citations like original publications.
Another important issue is citation error, which often occurs due to carelessness on the part of the researcher or editor editor in the publishing procedure. Experts have found that simple precautions, such as consulting with quoted source authors about appropriate citations, reduce the possibility of citation errors and thereby improve the quality of the study.
Research shows the impact an article can, in part, be explained by superficial factors and not just by the scientific merit of an article. Field-dependent factors are usually listed as a problem that should be addressed not only when cross-disciplinary comparisons are made, but also when different areas of research from one discipline are being compared. For example in Medicine among other factors the number of authors, reference counts, article lengths, and the presence of colons in the title affect its impact. While in Sociology the number of references, the length of the article, and the length of the title is one factor.
The citation pattern is also known to be influenced by the unethical behavior of both authors and staff journals. Such behavior is called an impact factor enhancer, and is reported to involve even top-level journals. Especially high-level medical journals, including the Lancet, JAMA, and New England Journal of Medicine, are considered to be related to such behavior, with up to 30% of citations for these journals generated by commissioned articles of opinion. On the other hand, the quote cartel phenomenon is increasing. Cartographic quotes are defined as groups of authors who quote each other disproportionately more than they do other groups of writers working on the same subject.
See also
Note
References
Quote
Bibliography
External links
- Quoting Government Document/Government Institution Style Instrument, University of North Texas
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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