Golf

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Golf is a club-and-ball sport where players use various clubs to hit the ball into a series of holes on the course in as few strokes as possible.

Golf, unlike most ball games, can not and does not use standardized play areas, and addressing the various fields encountered in the various courses is an important part of the game. The game at the highest level is played in the field with 18 hole developments, although recreation courses can be smaller, usually 9 holes. Each hole in the field should contain a tee box starting from, and a putting green containing the actual hole or cup (4.25 inch diameter). There are other standard terrain forms, such as fairways, rough (long grass), sand traps (or "bunker"), and various dangers (water, rock, fescue) but every hole in the field is unique in layout and setting special.

Golf is played for the lowest stroke number by an individual, known as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual hole in a complete round by an individual or team, known as a match game. Stroke play is the format most commonly seen at all levels, but especially at the elite level.

The modern golf game comes from a 15th century Scotland. The 18-hole round was created at the Old Course at St Andrews in 1764. The first major Golf, and the world's oldest existing tournament, is the Open Championship, also known as the British Open, first played in 1860 in Ayrshire, Scotland. It is one of four major championships in men's professional golf, the other three are played in the United States: Masters, US Open, and PGA Championships.

Video Golf

Origin

While modern golf games originated in 15th century Scotland, the origins of this game game are unclear and much debated. Some historians tracked the sport back to the Roman paganica game, where the participants used a crooked stick to hit a doll's leather ball. One theory asserts that paganica spread throughout Europe when the Romans conquered most of the continents, during the first century BC, and eventually evolved into a modern game. Others quote chuiwan ("chui" means flashy and "wan" means small balls) as ancestors, Chinese games played between the eighth and fourteenth centuries. A Ming Dynasty dating from 1368 entitled "The Autumn Banquet" shows a member of the Imperial Chinese court swinging what looked like a golf club on a small ball in order to drown it in a hole. The game is thought to have been introduced to Europe during the Middle Ages. Another early game that resembles modern golf is known as cambuca in England and chambot in France. The game of Persian chaos is one of the possible ancient origins. In addition, cologne (a game involving balls and bat curled) is played annually in Loenen, The Netherlands, beginning in 1297, in memory of the capture of the Floris V assassin, a year earlier.

The modern game comes from Scotland, where the first written record of golf is the ban of James II's game in 1457, as an unwelcome interlude for archery learning. James IV lifted the ban in 1502 when he became his own golf player, with the first golf club recorded in 1503-1504: "For golf clubballs and balls to the King he invites to play". For many golfers, the Old Course at St Andrews, a course dealing with before 1574, is considered a place of pilgrimage. In 1764, a standard 18-hole golf course was created at St Andrews when members modified the line from 22 to 18 holes. Golf is documented as being played at Musselburgh Links, East Lothian, Scotland as early as March 2, 1672, which is certified as the world's oldest golf course by Guinness World Records. The oldest surviving golfing rules were compiled in March 1744 for the Gentlemen Heir Company, later renamed The Honorable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which was played in Leith, Scotland. The world's oldest golf tournament in existence, and the first major golf, is the Open Championship, first played on October 17, 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club, in Ayrshire, Scotland, with Scottish golfers winning the earliest majors. Two Scots from Dunfermline, John Reid and Robert Lockhart, first showed golf in the US by setting up a hole in a garden in 1888, with Reid setting up the first golf club in America that same year, Saint Andrew Golf Club in Yonkers, New York.

Maps Golf

Golf course

A golf course consists of 9 or 18 holes, each with a teeing ground triggered by two markers indicating the boundaries of the legal tee area, fairways, coarse and other dangers, and putting green surrounded by edges with pins (usually a flag stick) and cups.

Grass levels vary to increase difficulty, or to allow entering green cases. While many holes are designed with direct line of sight from tau area to green, some holes may bend to the left or right. This is commonly called "dogleg", referring to the dog's knee. This hole is called "dogleg left" if the hole angle to the left and "dogleg right" if it curved to the right. Sometimes, the direction of the hole may bend twice; this is called "double dogleg".

The regular golf course consists of 18 holes, but a nine-hole field is common and can be played twice for a full 18-hole round.

The early Scottish golf courses were mainly placed on a land link, sand sand ground covered directly from the beach. This led to the term "golf connection", especially applied to beach courses and built on natural sandy land land.

The first 18-hole golf course in the United States was at a sheep ranch in Downers Grove, Illinois, in 1892. This course still exists today.

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Play game

Each round of golf is based on playing a number of holes in a certain order. A "round" usually consists of 18 holes that are played in the order defined by the course layout. Each hole is played once in a round on a standard 18 hole course. The game can be played by a number of people. Although a typical play group will have 1-4 people playing round. The typical amount of time required for the speed of play for a round of 9 holes is two hours and four hours for a round of 18 holes.

Playing holes on the golf course begins by putting the ball into play by hitting him with a club on teeing ground (also called a tee box, or just a tee). For the first shot on each hole, it is allowed but not necessary for the golfer to place the ball on the tee before hitting it. The tees are small pegs that can be used to lift the ball slightly above the ground up to a few centimeters. Tees are generally made of wood but can be constructed from any material, including plastic. Traditionally, golfers use sandbanks to lift the ball, and sandbags are provided for the purpose. Some courses still require sand to be used instead of peg tee, to reduce waste and reduce damage to teeing ground. Tees helps reduce soil or grass disturbance in the club's moves making the ball easier to hit, and also putting the ball in the center of a striking club face ("sweet spot") for better distance.

When the initial shot on a hole is meant to move the ball over long distances (usually over 225 meters (210 m)), this shot is commonly called a "drive" and is generally made with long-axis, large-headed wood clubs called "drivers". Shorter holes can be started with other clubs, such as wood or iron higher numbers. Once the ball comes to rest, the golfer attacks again as much as needed using a shot known as "lay-up", "approach", "pitch", or "chip", until the ball reaches green, where he then "putts" the ball into in a hole (commonly called "sinking putt" or "holing out"). The goal of inserting a ball into a hole ("sealing" the ball) in a few strokes may be blocked by obstacles such as a longer grass area called "rough" (usually found along the fairways), both of which slow the ball that contacts it and makes it more difficult to advance the ball that has stopped on it; "doglegs", which is a fairway change that often requires shorter photoshoots to be played around them; bunker (or sand trap); and water hazards such as ponds or rivers.

In stroke play competitions are played according to strict rules, every player plays their balls until the ball is hiding no matter how many strokes may occur. In game matches it is acceptable to just take someone's ball and "give up holes" after sufficient strokes have been made by players who are mathematically impossible for players to win holes. It is also acceptable in an informal stroke game to hand over a hole after hitting three more blows from the "par" rating of the hole ("triple bogey" - see below); while technically a violation of Rule 3-2, the pace of this exercise plays as a respect for others, and avoids the "runaway score", excessive frustration and injury caused by fatigue.

The total distance from the first tee box to the 18th green can be very long; The total mileage "through the green" can be more than 7,000 yards (6,400 m), and when adding the journey distance between the green one hole and the next tee, even skilled players can easily travel five miles or more during the round. In some courses, electric golf carts are used for intercontinental journeys, which can speed up the game and allow participation by individuals who can not walk as a whole. In other courses, players generally run on courses, either carrying their bags with shoulder straps or using "golf trolleys" for their bags. This trolley may or may not be battery-assisted. In many amateur tournaments including US high schools and college play, players are required to walk and carry their own bags, but at the top professional and amateur level, as well as in high-end private clubs, players can be accompanied by caddies, who carry and manage players' equipment and which are permitted by rules to advise on course progress. A caddy's advice can only be given to players or players for whom caddy works, and not for other competing players.

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Rules and regulations

The rules of golf are of international standard and collectively arranged by The R & amp; A, spun in 2004 from The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews (founded 1754), and the US Golf Association (USGA).

The principle underlying the rule is justice. As it appears on the back cover of the official rule book:

Play the ball when it is located, just play it as you find it, and if you can not do it, do what is fair.

There are strict rules about the amateur status of golfers. Basically, anyone who has ever received a payment or compensation for giving instructions, or playing golf for money, is not considered an amateur and can not participate in a limited competition just for amateurs. However, amateur golfers may receive expenses consistent with strict guidelines and they may receive non-cash prizes within the limits set by the Amateur Status Rules.

In addition to the official rules printed, golfers also adhere to a set of guidelines called golf etiquette. Etiquette guidelines cover such things as security, fairness, speed of play, and the player's obligation to contribute to the course maintenance. While there is no penalty for violation of etiquette rules, players generally follow the rules of golf etiquette in an attempt to improve the experience of everyone's play.

Penalty

Punishment arises in certain situations. They are calculated on the player's score as if there is an extra swing on the ball. Strokes added for rule violations or to hit a person's ball into situations that can not be played.

A missing ball or a ball over the limit produces a one-shot penalty and distance (Rule 27-1). A one-stroke penalty is assessed if the player's equipment causes the ball to move or loose obstacles to cause the ball to move (Rule 18-2). A one-stroke penalty is assessed if a player's ball results into a red or yellow inlaid hazard (Rule 26). If a golfer strokes the wrong ball (Rule 19-2) or hits a golfer's golfer with a putt (Rule 19-5), the player drops a two-stroke penalty. Most rule violations cause stroke penalties but can also lead to disqualification. Disqualifications can be from cheating, signing for a lower score, or from a rule violation that leads to inappropriate games.

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Tools

Golf clubs used to hit golf balls. Each club consists of a pivot with a spear (or "grip") at the top and club heads at the bottom. Long clubs, which have lower numbers of attics, are those that are meant to move the ball a relatively longer distance, and shorter clubs with higher levels of loft and a relatively shorter distance. The actual physical length of any club is longer or shorter, depending on the distance the club is meant to move the ball.

Golf clubs have traditionally been organized into three basic types. Woods is a great-headed, long-paced club that is meant to push the ball away from a relatively "open" lie, like a tee box and a fairway. The most important is the driver or "1-wood", which is the lowest loft wood club, and in modern times it has become very specialized to make long-range tee shots, up to 300 yards (270 m), or more, in the hands of professional golfers. Traditionally these clubs have heads made of hardwood, hence its name, but almost all modern wood is now made of metal such as titanium, or composite materials. Irons is a short-cut club with a metal head consisting mainly of a flat and sloping face. Traditionally clubheads are forged from iron; Modern iron clubhead is a cast-investment of alloy steel. Iron from various attics are used for various shots from almost anywhere on the field, but most often for short-range shots approaching the green, or to get the ball out of an elaborate lie like a sand trap. The third class is the putter, which evolves from the irons to create a low-lofted, balanced club designed to roll the ball along the green and into the hole. Putters are almost always used on the green or around the rough/edges. The fourth class, called a hybrid, evolves as a cross between wood and iron, and is usually seen as replacing low-loft iron with a club that gives the same distance, but a higher launch angle and a more forgiving nature.

A maximum of 14 clubs are allowed in the player's bag at one time during the specified round. The choice of club is the wisdom of the golfer, although every club must be built according to the parameters outlined in the rules. (Clubs that meet these parameters are usually called "conforming".) Violation of these rules may result in disqualification.

Blow a shot just at a certain time on the golf course, and which club is used to finish the shot, always completely at the discretion of the golfer; in other words, there is no limit to what clubs golfers may or may not use at any time for every shot.

Spherical ball, usually white (though other colors are allowed), and thoroughly stabbed by dimples that reduce aerodynamic drag by increasing the air turbulence around the moving ball, delaying the separation of the "boundary layer" and reducing the "wake up" behind the ball, thus allowing the ball to fly further. The combination of "soft boundary" and hard "core" allows distance and rotation.

The tees are only allowed to hit first on every hole, unless the player has to hit a temporary tee tee or roll back his first shot from the tee.

Many golfers wear golf shoes with metal or plastic spikes designed to increase attractiveness, allowing for longer and more accurate shots.

Golf bags are used to transport golf clubs and personal gear or other players. Golf bags have several pockets designed to carry equipment and equipment such as tees, balls, and gloves. Golf bags can be carried, pulled trolley, or won to motorized golf carts while playing. Golf bags have hand straps and shoulder straps to carry, and sometimes have retractable legs that allow the bag to stand upright at rest.

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Mechanics of stroke

The golf swing is outwardly similar to many other movements involving a swing of tools or playground, such as ax or baseball bat; Unlike most of these movements, however, the result of the swing depends heavily on several precisely tuned sub-movements and timing, to ensure that the club goes to the ball according to the desired path, clubface is aligned with the swing path, and the ball touches the center or " sweet spot "of the clubface. The ability to do this consistently, across the full set of clubs with varying shaft lengths and clubface areas, is a key skill for golfers, and requires significant effort to achieve it.

The golfer starts with the non-dominant side of the body facing the target (for the right handler, the target is to the left). At the address, the player's body and the centerline of the club's face are positioned parallel to the desired line of travel, with the feet perpendicular to the line or slightly outstretched. The legs are generally as wide as the shoulders for the iron and the center putter, narrower for shorter and wider irons for long iron and wood. The ball is usually positioned more to the "front" of the player's position (closer to the main leg) to the lower club, with the usual ball position for the drive just behind the main arch arch. The ball is placed further "back" in the player's position (towards trailing foot) because the club loft to be used increases. Most iron and putt shots are made with a ball that is roughly centered on a standing position, while some short and medium-sized iron shots are made with the ball slightly behind the center of the position to ensure consistent contact between the ball and the clubface, so the ball is on its way before the club goes down to the grass.

Golfers choose golf clubs, grips, and strokes that match the distance:

• "drive" or "full swing" is used on fairway ground and land, usually with wood or long iron, to produce the maximum distance that can be done with the club. In the extreme, the windup can end up with a club shaft parallel to the ground above the player's shoulders.
• "approach" or "swing 3/4" is used in medium and long distance situations where precise distance and good accuracy are preferred over the maximum possible distance, such as placing balls on the green or "lying up" in front danger. The extension or "backswing" of such shots usually ends with the club's shaft pointing straight up or slightly towards the player.
• "Chip" or "half-swing" is used for close-range close shots near green, with iron and lofted high slices. The purpose of this chip is to land the ball safely on the green, allowing it to roll toward the hole. It can also be used from elsewhere to accurately position the ball into a more profitable lie. Backswing usually ends with the club's head between the hips and the head height.
• "putt" is used in close-up shooting on or near green, usually made with eponymous "putters", although the same streaks can be made with medium to high iron to carry short distances in the air. and then roll ("bump and run"). The backswing and follow-up of the putt are both abbreviated compared to other strokes, with club heads rarely rising above the knee. The putt goal is usually to place the ball inside the hole, although the long-range putt can be called "lag" and made with the ultimate goal of just closing the distance to the hole or placing the ball with advantage./li>

After selecting clubs and strokes to produce the desired distance, players will direct the ball by taking their positions sideways and (except when the ball is in danger) ground the club behind the ball. The golfer then takes their backswing, spins the club, their arms and their upper body away from the ball, and then starts their swing, bringing the clubhead back down and around to hit the ball. The right golf swing is a complicated combination of movement, and slight variations in posture or position can make a lot of difference in how well the ball is hit and how straight the ball is going. The common goal of a player who makes a full swing is to push the club's head as fast as possible while maintaining a single "plane" motion of the club and club head, to send the clubhead into the ball along the desired travel path and with the clubhead also pointing in that direction.

Accuracy and consistency are usually emphasized at pure distance. A straight-backed, 220-yard (200-meter) straight-drive player will be able to accurately locate the ball on a lucrative luck on the fairway, and can redeem any distance from any club using only "more clubs" (the loft lower) in their tee shots or on the next fairway shoot and approach. However, golfers with drives that may go 280 yards (260 m) but often not flying straight will be less able to position their balls profitable; the ball can "pull", "pull", "pull", "fade", "push" or "slicing" from the intended line and landed out of bounds or in rough or danger, and thus players will need more strokes to pierce.

Otculature

Golf strokes use the muscles in the core (especially the erector spinae muscles and muscles of latissimus dorsi when twisting), hamstring, shoulders, and wrists. Stronger muscles in the wrist may prevent the wrist from twisting on the swing, while a strong shoulder increases back force. Weak wrists can also affect the elbow and even the neck and cause injury to them. (When the muscle contracts, it pulls together from both ends and, in order to have movement only at one end of the muscle, the other muscles must play to stabilize the bone where the other end of the muscle is attached.) Golf is a unilateral exercise that can damage the balance of the body , requires exercise to maintain balance in the muscles.

Placement type

Putting is considered to be the most important component of the game of golf. As the game of golf has grown, there are many different techniques and grips that have been designed to give golfers the best chance of making putts. When the game begins, the golfer will hit with their dominating hand at the bottom of the grip and their weak hand above the handle. This style of grip and style is known as "conventional". There are many conventional variations including overlap, in which the golfer overlaps the index finger off off onto the dominant pinkie; interlock, where the index finger of the foreign hand is intertwined with the dominant pinkie and ring finger; double overlap or triple and so on. Recently, "cross handed" placing has become a popular trend among professional and amateur golfers. Cross handed putting is the idea that the dominant hand is above the handle where the weak hand is under. This handle restricts movement in your dominant hand and eliminates the possibility of wrist damage through stroke putting.

Other famous putting styles include "claws", a style that has a direct grip between the thumb and the index finger of the dominant hand while the palm faces the target. The weak hand is placed normally on the putter. Placing anchored, styles that require another putter shaft that can be anchored to the belly of the player or under the chin; The idea is to stabilize one end of the putter so as to create a more consistent pendulum stroke. This style will be banned in 2016 at the profession circuit.

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Scoring and handicapping

Par

A hole is classified by par, which means the number of strokes that must be done by a skilled golfer to finish the hole game. The minimum value of each hole is 3 because par always includes a stroke for the tee blow and two putts. Pars of 4 and 5 strokes everywhere on the golf course; more rarely, some programs display par-6 and even par-7 holes. Strokes other than tee shots and putts are expected to be made from the fairway; for example, an advanced golfer expects to achieve a green color on a par-4 hole in two strokes - one from the tee (drive) and another, seconds, stroke to the green ("approach") - and then roll the ball into the hole in two putt for par. Placing the ball on the green with two strokes remaining for the putt is called making a "green in regulation" or GIR. Losing a GIR does not necessarily mean the golfer will not get a face value, but that makes it harder because it reduces the number of available putts; instead, making GIRs does not guarantee a nominal value, as players may require three or more putts to "punch". Professional golfers typically make between 60% and 70% green in regulation.

The main factor for classifying par from relatively straight and hazard-free holes is the distance from the tee to the green. The typical par-3 hole has a length of less than 250 meters (225 m), with par-4 holes ranging between 251 and 475 yards (225-434 m), and a par-5 hole longer than 475 yards (435). m). Rare par-6s can stretch over 650 yards (590 m). This distance is based on a typical golfer drive distance between 240 and 280 yards (220 and 260 m); greens farther than the average player drive will require additional shots from the fairway. However, other considerations must be taken into account; the key question is "how many strokes will the golfer make to make the green by playing on the fairway?". The soil value from the tee to the hole can increase or decrease the carry and rolling distance of the shot measured linearly along the ground. Sharp turns or dangers may require golfers to "lie down" on the fairway to change course or hit danger with their next shot. This design consideration will affect how even the friction golfer will play the hole, regardless of the total distance from the tee to the green, and should be included in the par deciding. However, the par score never includes an "expected" penalty, because the scratch player is never "expected" to hit the ball into water hazards or other unplayable situations. So, placement of danger only affects par when considering how scratch golfers will avoid it.

The eighteen-hole course usually totals a total score of 72 for a complete round; this is based on an average par of 4 for each hole, and often comes with designing courses with the same par-5 and par-3 number of holes, the rest is par-4. Many combinations exist totals for par-72, and other pars of courses exist from 68 to 76, and are no less feasible than the par-72 courses. In addition, in some countries including the United States, courses are classified based on their playing difficulties, which can be used to calculate the golfers' handicap for a given course.

The two main difficulty ratings in the US are the Course Rank, which is effectively the expected score for a zero-defeating golfer who plays in the field (and may be different from the par course), and the Slope Ranking, which is a measure of how bad the "bogey golfer "(with 18 handicaps) is expected to play rather than" scratch golfer ". Both of these numbers are available for each course approved by USGA, and are used in a weighted system to calculate defects (see below).

The overall par value in the tournament is the sum of all par values ​​in each round. The professional tournament of four rounds played on the par-72 field has a par 288 tournament.

Scoring

The goal is to play a few strokes per round as possible. The number of golfers in a hole, course, or tournament is compared to their respective par score, and then reported as golfer's number is "under" or "over-par", or if it is "equal to" to par ". (or "ace") occurs when the golfer drowns their ball into the cup with their first blow from the tee.The general score for the hole also has special provisions.

In a typical professional tournament or among "early" amateur players, the game "birdie-bogey" is a common thing; a player will "lose" a stroke by bogeying a hole, then "getting" one by scoring a birdie. Eagle is rare but not uncommon; However, only 18 players have scored sea eagles in the men's main championship.

Golf basic shape

There are two basic forms of playing golf, playing matches and playing strokes. Stroke play is more popular.

Play match

Two players (or two teams) play every hole as a separate contest against each other in what is called a play match. A party with a lower score wins the hole, or if the score of both players or teams equals the hole is "halved" (or tied). This game is won by those who win the hole more than others. In the case of a team or player having a lead that can not be overcome by the number of holes left to play, the match is considered won by the lead, and the rest of the pit is not played. For example, if one party already has six holes, and only five holes remain to be played on the pitch, the match will end and the winner is considered to have won "6 & amp; 5". At some point, if the prospect equals the number of remaining holes, the party leading the game is said to be "dormie", and the match continues until the party increases the lead by one hole or ties one of the remaining holes, thus winning the match, or until the game ends with tie with the main player opponent to win all remaining holes. When the game is tied after a predetermined number of holes have been played, it may continue until one side takes a hole.

Stroke play

Scores achieved for each and every round or tournament hole are added to produce a total score, and the player with the lowest score wins in the stroke game. Stroke play is the game most played by professional golfers. If there is a tie after the hole number regulation in a professional tournament, the playoff takes place between all bound players. Playoffs are sudden deaths or use a predetermined number of holes, anywhere from three to 18 full. In sudden death, a player who scores lower on a hole than all his opponents wins the game. If at least two players remain tied after the playoffs use a predetermined number of holes, then play continues in the abrupt die format, in which the first player to win the hole wins the tournament.

Other game forms

Other game forms in the game of golf are unfair competition, skin, 9-points, stableford, team play, and unofficial team variations.

Bogey Competition

Specter competitions are a scoring format that is sometimes seen in informal tournaments. The score is similar to the match, unless each player compares their hole score with a par hole rating rather than the score of the other players. Players "win" holes if they score birdies or better, they "lose" holes if they score bogey or worse, and they "divide" holes with par scores. By recording just these simple win-loss-halve scores on the sheet, players can avoid very bad holes played with a simple "-" sign and continue. As used in the competition, players or couples with the best win-lose "differential" win the competition.

Skins

What is known as a skin game is a variation on game matches where each hole has some money (called "skin") attached to it. The sum at a time is a prize money at the professional level (the most famous event to use this rule is "LG Skins Game", played at Indian Wells Golf Resort in California until 2008), or the amount at stake for every hole among amateur players. The player with the lowest score in the hole wins the skin for that hole; if two or more players bind to the lowest score, the skin will be taken to the next hole. The game continues until a player wins the hole directly, which may (and often happens) result in players receiving money for previous holes they do not bind.

If the player ties the 18th hole, do all the players or just the binding player repeat the 18th hole until the winner is directly determined for the hole - and all unassigned skin.

9-Points

A nine-point game is another variant of the game of the match that is usually played among threesome, where each hole is worth a total of nine points. The player with the lowest score on the hole receives five points, the next lowest score 3 and the next lowest score 1. The relationship is generally solved by summing up the contested points and dividing it among the binding players; a first two-way tie is worth four points for both players, a two-way tie for seconds is worth two points for both players, and a three-way tie is worth three points for each player. The player with the highest score after 18 holes (where there are 162 points to be awarded) wins the match. This format can be used to bet on the game in a systematic way; each player contributes the same amount of money to the pot, and the dollar value is given to each printed point (or every point after 18) based on the amount of money in the pot, with any excess that goes to the overall winner.

Stableford

The Stableford system is a simplified stroke game that rewards players based on their scores relative to par hole; the score for the hole is calculated by taking the par score, adding 2, then reducing the player's hole score, making the result zero if negative. Alternately stated, double bogey or worse is zero points, one bogey is worth one point, par two, three birdies, four eagles, and so on. The advantage of this system compared to the stroke game is a more natural assessment, "higher is better", the ability to compare Stableford's scores between games on the course with a total par score of different ("even" scores in a stroke game will always give the Stableford score 36 ), downplaying the tendency to leave the whole game after playing a very bad hole (a beginner playing with tight rules can score as high as 8 or 10 on one difficult hole: their Stableford score for a hole will be zero, which puts them just two points in rear par no matter how bad they play), and the ability to just pick up someone's ball after it is impossible to score points for holes, which speeds up the game.

Shotgun begins mainly used for amateur tournament play. In this variant, each group that plays start their game in different holes, allowing for all players to start and end their rounds at almost the same time. All 18 holes are still played, but the player or four can, for example, start at hole 5, play up to the 18th hole, then continue with hole 1 and end in hole 4. This speeds up the completion of the entire event as the player does not continue to wait for progressive tee time in the first hole. This form of play, as a minor variation for strokes or game matches, is not defined or annulled by strict rules and is used in accordance with local rules for an event.

Handicap System

Handicap is a numerical measure of an amateur golfer's ability to play golf for 18 holes. A player's handicap generally represents the number of strokes above par that the player will perform during the above-average golf round. The better the player, the lower their handicap. A person with a defect of 0 or less is often called a scrolling golfer, and will usually print or beat a par course in a play round (depending on difficulty).

Calculating defects is often complicated, the general reason being that golf courses are not uniformly challenging from path to course or between skill levels. A player who scores the same as Course A may average four over on course B, while players averaging 20 above par on A line may be on average only 16 on track B. So, for "scratch golfer" , Course B is more difficult, but for "golfer bogey", Course A is more difficult. The reason for this is attached to the kind of challenge presented by the same course for both golfers. Distance is often a problem for amateur golfers "bogey" with slower swing speeds, which are less spaced with each club, and usually require more shots to reach the green, increasing their score compared to scratch golfers with stronger swings. However, the courses are often designed with the placement of dangers to reduce this advantage, forcing early players to "lie down" to avoid bunkers or water, while bogey golfers are more or less affected because the danger lies beyond their reach. Finally, terrain features and fairway maintenance can influence golfers of all skill levels; Narrowing down the fairway by adding obstacles or widening the rough on each side will usually increase the percentage of shots made from untrue lies, increasing the challenge for all players.

With the USGA rule, handicap calculations first require the calculation of "Handicap Differential" for each round of game that a player completes with strict rules. That alone is a function of the player's "customized score" (adjustments can be made to reduce various deviations from either the strict rules or from the player's normal abilities, for special handicap purposes only) and two levels of course-specific difficulty: Course Ranking, expected scores for the "scratch golfer" hypothesis: and Slope Rating, a figure based on how bad a hypothetical 20-handicap "golfer bogey" would score compared to "scratch golfer". Average Tilt Level of all courses assessed by USGA in 2012 is 113, which is also a factor in Differential calculations.

The latest differentials are noted, up to 20 of them, and then the best of these (the amount used depends on the amount available) is selected, averaged, multiplied by.96 ("excellence factor" which reduces the player's higher-scoring defects, them to play better and thus lower their handicap), and cut off to tenth place to produce a "Handicap Index". Additional calculations can be used to place a higher significance on the player's latest tournament score. The Player's Handicap index is then multiplied by the Slope Rating of the course to be played, divided by the average Slope Rating 113, then rounded to the nearest integer to generate the Player's Handicap Course.

Once calculated, the Course Handicap is applied in a stroke game by simply reducing the player's dirty score with a handicap, to produce a net score. Thus, a gross score of 96 with handicap 22 will result in a net score of 74. In matches, lower handicaps are reduced from higher handicaps, and handicap strokes are given to higher handicaps by distributing them between holes according to each difficulty hole; holes are ranked on a scorecard from 1 to 18 (or however many holes are available), and one hit is applied to each hole from the hardest to the most difficult. So if one player has 9 handicaps and the other has 25 handicaps, 25-handicap players receive one handicap stroke on each of the 16 most difficult holes (25-9). If the 25-handicapper is playing against a "golfer's scratch" (zero handicap), all 25 strokes will be distributed, first by applying one blow to each hole, then applying the remaining stroke, one each, to the hardest 7 holes; so, the defective player will reduce 2 strokes from each of the 7 most difficult holes, and 1 each from the remaining 11.

The Handicap system has potential abuse by players who may deliberately play poorly to improve their handicap ("throw 'their stamp") before playing to their potential at important events with valuable prizes. For this reason, professional golf associations do not use them, but they can be calculated and used along with other criteria to determine the relative strength of various professional players. Professional travelers, being the best of the best, often have a negative flaw; they can be expected, on average, to score lower than the Course Rating in any course.

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Popularity

In 2005 Golf Digest calculated that countries with most per capita golf courses, in order, are: Scotland, New Zealand, Australia, Ireland, Canada, Wales, the United States, Sweden, and the United Kingdom (countries with less than 500,000 people excluded).

The number of courses in other regions has increased, for example, is the expansion of golf in China. The first golf course in China opened in 1984, but by the end of 2009 there were about 600 in the country. For much of the 21st century, the construction of new golf courses in China has been officially banned (with the exception of Hainan island province), but the number of courses has remained threefold from 2004 to 2009; "ban" has been avoided with the government's covert approval simply by not mentioning golf in any development plan.

In the United States, the number of people playing golf twenty-five times or more per year decreased from 6.9 million in 2000 to 4.6 million in 2005, according to the National Golf Foundation. The NGF reported that the number of golfers altogether decreased from 30 to 26 million during the same period.

In February 1971, astronaut Alan Shepard became the first person to play golf anywhere other than Earth. He smuggled a golf club and two golf balls on board the Apollo 14 in order to play golf on the Moon. He tried two drives. He shanked the first attempt, but the second expected went over 200 yards.

Worldwide golf course

Number of golf courses by country by 2015. Below are the top 18 countries that have the most golf courses.

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Professional golf

The majority of professional golfers work as clubs or teaching professionals ("pro"), and only compete in local competition. A small group of professional golfers is a pro "tournament" that competes full-time on international "tours". Many clubs and teaching professionals working in the golf industry began as caddies or with a general interest in the game, looking for a job on the golf course and eventually moving to certification in their chosen profession. These programs include independent institutions and universities, and those that ultimately lead to professional A-class golf certification. Professional travelers usually start as amateur players, who achieve their "pro" status after success in major tournaments that win them both prize money and/or notices from corporate sponsors. Jack Nicklaus, for example, gained wide notice by taking second place at the 1960 US Open for champion Arnold Palmer, with a 72-hole score of 282 (the best scores to date in the tournament by amateurs). He played another amateur year in 1961, winning the US Amateur Championships that year, before switching in 1962.

Instructions

Golf instruction involves the teaching and learning of the game of golf. Proficiency in teaching golf instruction requires not only technical and physical skills but also knowledge of rules and game etiquette. In some countries, golf instruction is best done by teachers certified by the Professional Golfers Association. Some of the top instructors working with professional golfers have become quite famous in themselves. Professional golf instructors can use physical conditioning, mental visualization, class sessions, club fittings, driving range instructions, field play in real-life situations, and review video swings in slow motion to teach golf to prepare golfers for the course.

Golf tour

There are at least twenty professional golf tours, each run by the PGA or an independent tour organization, responsible for organizing events, finding sponsorships, and organizing tours. Usually tours have "members" who are eligible to compete in most of their shows, and also invite non-members to compete in some of them. Getting a membership of an elite tour is very competitive, and professional golfers never achieve it.

Probably the most widely known tour is the PGA Tour, which tends to attract the strongest terrain, beyond the four majors and four World Golf Championship events. This is due in large part to the fact that most PGA Tour events have the first prize of at least 800,000 USD. The European tour, which attracts a large number of top golfers from outside North America, ranks second PGA Tour with prestige around the world. Some of the top professionals from outside North America play enough tournaments to maintain membership on the PGA Tour and European Tour. Since 2010, the two tour money titles have been claimed by the same individual three times, with Luke Donald doing it in 2011 and Rory McIlroy in 2012 and 2014. In 2013, Henrik Stenson won the FedEx Cup race on the PGA Tour and European Tour money title, but not on the PGA Tour money list (the honor goes to Tiger Woods).

Other leading tour guys include Japan Golf Tour, Asian Tour (Asia outside Japan), PGA Tour of Australasia, and Sunshine Tour (for South Africa, especially South Africa). The Japanese, Australasian, Sunshine, PGA and European Tour is a charter member of the trade body of the world's premier tour, PGA Tours International Federation, established in 1996. Asian Tour became a full member in 1999. The Canadian Tour became a member of the Federation's association in 2000, and Tour de las AmÃÆ'  © ricas (Latin America) became a member of the Federation's association in 2007. The Federation underwent a major expansion in 2009 that saw the eleven new tours become full members - Tour Canada, Tour de las Amà © à © ricas, China Golf Association , The Association of Professional Chinese Golfers, India Professional Golf Tour, and operators from all six major women's tours around the world. The OneAsia Tour, founded in 2009, is not a member of the Federation, but was established as a joint venture of the Australasia tour, China, Japan, and Korea. In 2011, the Tour de las AmÃÆ'  © ricas was effectively taken over by the PGA Tour, and in 2012 folded into the new PGA Tour LatinoamÃÆ'  © rica. Also in 2012, the Canadian Tour is named after the PGA Tour Canada after it was approved to be taken over by the PGA Tour. All men's tours that are members of the Federation, excluding India tours, offer points in the Official World Golf Rank (OWGR) to players who place high enough in their events. The OneAsia tour also offers ratings points.

Golf is unique in that it has a lucrative competition for older players. There are several senior tours for men aged fifty years and over, arguably the most famous is the US-based PGA Tour Champions.

There are six main tours for women, each based in different countries or continents. The most prestigious of which is the LPGA Tour based in the United States. All major tours offer points in the World Golf Club Rank for high finisher in their events.

All leading professional tours for players under 50 years old have an official development tour, where leading players at the end of the season will get a tour card on the main tour for the next season. Examples include the Web.com Tour, which feeds the PGA Tour, and Challenge Tour, which is a European Tour development tour. Web.com and Challenge Tours also offer OWGR points.

Men's main championship

The main championships are the four most prestigious men's tournaments this year. In their chronological order are: Masters, US Open, Open Championships (called in North America as the British Open) and PGA Championships.

Fields for this event include some of the top golfers from around the world. The Masters has been played at Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Georgia, since it was founded in 1934. It is the only major championship played on the same field every year. The US Open and PGA Championships are played in various courses throughout the United States, while Open Championships are played in courses throughout the UK.

Before the advent of the PGA and The Masters Championships, the four Majors are US Open, US Amateur, Open Championship, and British Amateur.

Female Women's main championship

Women's golf has no globally agreed majors. The list of majors recognized by the dominant female tour, the LPGA Tour in the US, has changed several times over the years, with recent changes taking place in 2001 and 2013. Like the PGA Tour, the LPGA tour (USA) has had four majors, but now has five: ANA Inspiration (formerly known as some other names, the most recent Kraft Nabisco Championship), the PGA Women Championship (formerly known as the LPGA Championship), the US Open Women, the British Open Woman (who replaced du Maurier Classic as a major in 2001) and The Evian Championship (added as the fifth in 2013). Only the last two are also recognized as majors by the Ladies European Tour. However, this significance is limited, as LPGA is much more dominant in women's golf than the PGA Tour in mainstream male golf. For example, the BBC has been known to use the definition of "women majors" in the US without qualification. Also, Ladies 'Golf Union, the ladies' golfing body in England and Ireland, said on its official website that the British Women's Open is "the only Major Woman to be played outside the US" (This is before the Evian Championship elevation to the main status). Over the years, the Ladies European Tour has secretly acknowledged the dominance of the LPGA Tour by not scheduling its own shows to conflict with the three LPGA majors played in the US, but that changed from 2008, when LET scheduled an opposite event of the LPGA Championship. Tour of the second richest woman, LPGA of the Japan Tour, does not know any of the LPGA US or European majors because it has its own majors (three historically, since 2008 four). However, this incident attracts little notice outside of Japan.

Senior senior championship

The senior golf course (aged fifty years and over) has no globally agreed majors. The list of senior majors in the US-based PGA Tour Champions has changed over the years, but always with expansion. The PGA Tour Champions now recognize five majors: the Senior PGA Championships, Traditions, Senior Player Championships, the US Open Championships and the Senior Open Championships (UK).

Of the five events, the PGA Senior is by far the oldest, founded in 1937. Other events are all from the 1980s, when senior golf became a commercial success as the first golfing stars in the television era, such as Arnold Palmer and Gary Player, relevant age. The Senior Open Championship was not recognized as a major by the PGA Tour Champions until 2003. The European Senior Tour recognizes only Senior PGA and two Senior Opens as majors. However, the PGA Tour Champions is arguably more dominant in global senior golf than the US. LPGA is a global women's golf.

Olympics

After a 112-year absence from the Olympics, golf is back for the 2016 Rio Games. 41 different countries are represented by 120 athletes.

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Controversy

Female

It was not until 1552 that the first female golfer played the game. Mary Queen of Scots commissioned St. Andrew's Links. However, it was only in the 20th century that women were taken seriously and ultimately violated the rules of "Gentlemen Only, Ladies Forbidden". Many men see women unfit for exercise due to lack of strength and ability.

In the United States, 1891 is a very important year for women golfing as the Shinnecock Hills nine hole course is built in Southampton, New York, for women and is the first club to offer memberships for women golfers. Four years later, in 1895, the US Golf Association helped the first Women's Amateur Championship tournament.

Just like professional golfer Bobby Jones, Joyce Wethered was considered a star in the 1920s. Jones praised Wethered in 1930 after they played an exhibition against each other. He doubts that there was ever a better golfer, man or woman. However, Bobby Jones's comments are not enough for others to change their view of female golfers.

The Royal Liverpool club rejected the entry of Sir Henry Cotton's wife into the clubhouse in the late 1940s. The club secretary issued a statement saying, "No woman has ever entered the club and, praising God, no woman will do it." However, American golfers and all-round athletes, Babe Zaharias does not have to enter the clubhouse. He was able to prove himself on the field, then became the first American to win the British Women's Amateur title in 1947. The following year he became the first woman to attempt to qualify for the US Open, but his petition was rejected by the USGA. They stated that the show was meant to be open to men only.

The Women's Professional Golf Association was formed in 1950 as a way to popularize sports and provide competitive opportunities for golfers. Competition is not the same for men and women. It was not until 1972 that the US Congress passed Title IX of the Education Amendment. "No person in the United States shall, by sex, be excluded from participation in, denied benefit, or subject to discrimination under educational programs or activities that receive Federal financial assistance."

Currently, female golfers are still struggling and working hard to have the same opportunities with male golfers. There is still a huge payout gap in USGA. The USGA has a long history of writing larger checks to US Open Open male winners than Open Women USA. The next step towards equality is the women's Masters Tournament as there are currently only tournaments for men.

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International events

• Golf at the Asian Games
• Golf at Pan American Games
• Golf at the Summer Olympics
• Golf at Summer Universiade
• Ryder Cup
• Presidents Cup
• Solheim Cup
• The International Crown
• Seve Trophy
• EurAsia Cup
• Cup Walker
• Curtis Cup

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See also

• Golf list
• Golf outline
• List of golfers
• List of golf courses in the United Kingdom
• American Professional Golfers Association
• Variation of golf

  Source of the article : Wikipedia