Photo manipulation involves transforming or replacing photos using various methods and techniques to achieve the desired results. Some photo manipulations are regarded as skilled art while others are criticized as unethical practices, especially when used to deceive the public, as it is used for political propaganda, or to make products or people look better.
Depending on the application and its intent, some photo manipulation is considered an art form because it involves the creation of unique images and in some instances, the expression of artistic signatures by photographic artists. For example, Ansel Adams uses some of the more common manipulations using dark space exposure techniques, such as burning (fraud) and avoiding (brightening) a photo. Other examples of photo manipulation include photo retouching using ink or paint, airbrushing, multiple exposure, piecing or negative photos together in a darkroom, scratching instant film, or through the use of software-based manipulation tools applied to digital images. There are a number of software applications available for digital image manipulation, ranging from professional applications to very basic imaging software to casual users.
Video Photo manipulation
History
Photo manipulation starts from some of the earliest photographs taken on glass and tin plates during the 19th century. This practice began shortly after the creation of the first photograph (1825) by Joseph NicÃÆ' Â © phore NiÃÆ' Â © pce who developed heliography and made the first photographic print of the photo plates. Traditional photo printing can be changed using a variety of methods and techniques that involve direct manipulation into print, such as retouching with ink, paint, airbrushing, or polaroid scratching during development. Negatives can be manipulated while still in camera using dual exposure techniques, or in dark rooms by combining photos or negatives together. Some dark space manipulations involve techniques such as bleaching to very bright parts of the photograph, or hand coloring for aesthetic purposes or to imitate the art of painting.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the photography and technology that made it may be somewhat crude and impractical. While equipment and technology evolved over time, it was not until the end of the 20th century that photography evolved into a digital world. Initially, digital photography was regarded by some as a radical new approach, and was initially rejected by photographers for their substandard quality. The transition from film to digital has been a continuous process despite major strides being made in the early 21st century as a result of technological advancements that have significantly improved the quality of digital images while reducing the bulk and weight of cameras and equipment.
Initial manipulation
An early example of the disturbance was in the early 1860s, when Abraham Lincoln's photo was changed using the body from portraits of John C. Calhoun and Lincoln's head of the famous seated portrait by Mathew Brady - the same portrait that was the basis for the original Lincoln's five-dollar bill. Others are exemplified in the Library of Congress Printing and Photographs Online Catalog where describing photo manipulation of American Civil War General Ulysses S. Grant posing horse in front of his troops in City Point, Virginia. Close observation of the photo raises the question and brings to light a certain detail in the photo that does not increase. For example, Grant's head is set at a strange angle to his body, his uniform is a different period of time, and his beloved horse Cincinnati does not have a left horse sock like a horse in the photograph, although his other Egyptian horse does have a sock but on different legs. With further research, three different photos were found that explained the composite using Grant's head of one photograph, the body of Major General Alexander McDowell McCook on his horse from another photograph, and for the background, a photo of 1864 from a Confederate prisoner captured at the Battle of Fisher's Hill.
In the 20th century, digital retouching became available with Quantel computers running Paintbox in a professional environment, which, along with other contemporary packages, was effectively replaced in the market by Adobe Photoshop and other editing software for graphical imaging.
Maps Photo manipulation
Political and ethical issues
Photo manipulation has been used to deceive or persuade audiences or improve self-narration and expression. Often even subtle and thoughtful changes can have a big impact on how we interpret or rate photos, making it even more important to know when or if manipulation has occurred. At the beginning of the American Civil War, photographs were published as carvings based on more than one negative.
Joseph Stalin makes use of photo retouching for propaganda purposes. On 5 May 1920 his predecessor, Vladimir Lenin, held a speech for Soviet troops attended by Leon Trotsky. Stalin had Trotsky retouched out of the photo showing Trotsky present. In the famous case of damnatio memoriae image manipulation, NKVD leader Nikolai Yezhov ("Vanishing Commissar"), after his execution in 1940, was removed from an official press photo where he was depicted with Stalin. (For more information see the image sensor in the Soviet Union.) The pioneer among journalists who distort photographic images for news value is Bernarr Macfadden: in the mid-1920s, his "composograph" process involved re- real-life news events with double-cost bodies and then photographing dramatized scenes - then sticking the faces of real news characters (collected from unrelated photographs) onto their staged images. In the 1930s, artist John Heartfield used a kind of photo manipulation known as photomontage to criticize Nazi propaganda.
Several ethical theories have been applied to image manipulation. During a panel on the topic of ethics in image manipulation, Aude Oliva theorizes that categorical shifts are necessary for edited images to be seen as manipulations. In Acting Image Theory , Carson Reynolds extends the theory of speech acts by applying them to photo editing and image manipulation. In "How to Do Things with Pictures", William J. Mitchell details the long history of photo manipulation and discusses it critically.
Use in journalism
The crucial occurrence of controversial photo manipulation occurred on photos that were changed to fit the vertical orientation of the 1982 National Geographic magazine cover. The modified image made two Egyptian pyramids appear closer than they actually were in the original photo. This incident sparked a debate about the suitability of falsifying an image, and raised questions about the credibility of the magazine. Shortly after the incident, Tom Kennedy, director of photography for National Geographic, stated, "We no longer use that technology to manipulate the elements in the images just to achieve more interesting graphical effects." We consider that afterwards a mistake, and we will not repeat that mistake today. "
There are other incidents of photo manipulation that are questioned in journalism. One such incident appeared in early 2005 after Martha Stewart was released from prison. Newsweek used a picture of Stewart's face on the body of a much slimmer woman to cover them, suggesting that Stewart had lost weight while in jail. Speaking about an incident in an interview, Lynn Staley, assistant managing editor at Newsweek said, "The part we aimed to show Martha as it is, does not have to be like her." Staley also explains that Newsweek is disclosed on page 3 that Martha Stewart's cover image is composite.
Image manipulation software has affected the level of trust of many audiences ever in aphorism, the camera never lies. Images can be manipulated for fun, aesthetic reasons, or to improve the subject's appearance but not all image manipulations are harmless as evidenced by the controversy of the Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo. The images in question are a fake composite image of John Kerry taken on June 13, 1971 and Jane Fonda taken in August 1972 shared the same platform on the 1971 anti-war rally; the latter carrying false Associated Press credits with a view to changing the public perspective of reality.
There is an increasing number of writings devoted to the ethical use of digital editing in photojournalism. In the United States, for example, the National Press Photographers Association (NPPA) establishes a Code of Ethics that promotes the accuracy of published images, suggesting that photographers "do not manipulate images [...] that could mislead viewers or misrepresent the subject." Violations of the Code very seriously, especially regarding the digital changes of published photographs, as evidenced by a case in which Pulitzer's nominated photographer Allan Detrich resigned after learning that some of his photographs had been manipulated.
In 2010, a Ukrainian photographer Stepan Rudik, winner of the 3rd prize story at Sports Features, has been disqualified for violating the rules of the World Press Photo contest. "After requesting RAW files from the series from it, it becomes clear that an element has been removed from one of the original images." By 2015, up to 20% of World Press Photo entries that make it to the second half of the contest are disqualified after it is known to have been manipulated or processed after with a rule violation.
Use in glamor photography
The photo manipulation industry is often accused of promoting or instigating a distorted and unrealistic self-image; most especially in younger people. The world of glamor photography is one particular industry that has been heavily involved with the use of photo manipulation (what many consider to be an element of concern as many people search for celebrities in the quest to realize the 'ideal figure'). Photo manipulation to change the appearance of the model can be used to change features such as skin color, hair color, body shape, and other features. Many changes to the skin involves removing stains through the use of healing tools in Photoshop. The photo editor can also change the hair color to remove the roots or add luster. In addition, the teeth and eye models can be made to look whiter than in reality. Make ups and piercings can even be edited into images to look as if the model was wearing it when the photo was taken. Through photo editing, model views can be drastically changed to mask imperfections.
Celebrities oppose photo manipulation
Photo manipulation has triggered negative responses from viewers and celebrities. This has led to celebrities who refuse to take pictures to support the American Medical Association who have decided that "[we] must stop exposing educated children and adolescents to ads depicting models with body types that can only be obtained with the help of editing software photos "This includes Keira Knightley, Brad Pitt, Andy Roddick, and Jessica Simpson.
Brad Pitt has a photographer, Chuck Close, taking a picture of him that emphasizes all his flaws. Chuck Close is known for his photographs that emphasize all the individual skin defects. Pitt did so in an attempt to speak out against the media using photoshop and manipulate celebrity photos in an effort to hide his shortcomings. Also, Kate Winslet spoke out against photo manipulation in the media after GQ changed her body, making her look very thin.
In April 2010, Britney Spears agreed to release "non-watered images next to the digitally changed". The underlying motive behind the move is to "highlight the pressure given to women to make it look perfect".
In addition, 42-year-old Cate Blanchett also appeared on the cover of March/April 2012 edition of Intelligent Life , without makeup and no digital retouch for the first time.
Company against photo manipulation
Many companies have begun taking the initiative to speak out against the use of photo manipulation when advertising their products. The two companies that have done so include Dove and Aerie. Dove created the Dove Self-Esteem Fund and also Dove Campaign for Real Beauty as a way to try to help build trust in young women. They want to emphasize what is known as real beauty, or photos that are untouchable, in the media now. Also, Aerie has started their campaign #AerieREAL. They have a line of underwear now that uses that name for the purpose of everyone. Also, their ads state that the model has not been altered in any way. They also added their advertisement that "You're the real sexy."
Also, the American Medical Association has taken a stand against the use of photo manipulation. Dr. McAneny made the statement that turning such a model to such an extreme creates unrealistic expectations in children and adolescents about body image. He also said that we should stop changing the model so that they are not exposed to the body type that can be achieved only through the use of photo editing. The American Medical Association as a whole adopted a policy to work with advertisers to work on setting guidelines for advertising to try to limit how many photoshop were used. The purpose of this policy is to limit the number of unrealistic expectations for body image in advertising.
Government over excessive photo manipulation
The government put pressure on advertisers, and started banning overly swept and edited photos. In the UK, the Advertising Standards Authority has banned ads by LancÃÆ'Â'me featuring Julia Roberts for being misleading, stating that the perfect skin seen in the photo is too good to be true. The US is also moving toward banning excessive photo manipulation where CoverGirl model advertising is banned because it has an excessive effect, leading to a misleading representation of the product.
Support for photo manipulation in media
Some magazine editors do not see the manipulation of their cover models as a problem. In an interview with the editor of the French magazine Marie Claire, he stated that their readers are not fools and they can know when a model has been retouched. Also, some that support photo manipulation in the media state that the modified photo is not the issue, but it is the hope that viewers have failed to meet, such as wanting to have the same body with celebrities on their favorite magazine covers.
Survey was done about photo manipulation
Surveys have been conducted to see how photo manipulation affects people and to see what people think about it. One survey was conducted by a fashion store in the UK, New Look, and it shows that 90% of individuals surveyed prefer to see more body shape variation in the media. This will involve those who want to see a cover model that is not all thin, but some with more indentations than others. The survey also talked about how readers see the use of photo manipulation. One statistic states that 15% of readers believe that the cover image is an accurate depiction of the model in reality. Also, they found that 33% of the women surveyed aimed for a body they could not possibly achieve.
Dove also conducted a survey to see how photo manipulation affects women's self-esteem. In doing this, they found that 80% of the women surveyed felt insecure when looking at celebrity photos in the media. Of the women surveyed who had low self-esteem, 71% of them did not believe that their appearance was adequate or quite stylish compared to the cover model.
Social and cultural implications
The growing popularity of image manipulation has raised concerns whether it is possible for unrealistic images to be displayed publicly. In his article "On Photography" (1977), Susan Sontag discusses objectivity, or lack thereof, in photography, concluding that "photographs, which tinker with the scale of the world, themselves lessened, detonated, cut, retouched, diagnosed and cheated out". A widely used practice in the magazine industry, the use of photo manipulation on subjective images, creates reality built for individuals and can be difficult to distinguish fact from fiction. With the potential to change body image, the debate continues as to whether manipulated images, especially those in magazines, contribute to the issue of self-esteem in both men and women.
In today's world, photo manipulation has a positive impact by developing the creativity of one's mind or perhaps the negative by removing the art and beauty of capturing something as grand and natural as it should be. According to The Huffington Post , "Photoshopping and airbrushing, many believe, are now an integral part of the beauty industry, as well as cosmetology, lighting and styling". On the one hand, these image changes are "selling" real people to the masses to influence responses, reactions, and emotions to these cultural icons.
Type of digital photo manipulation
In digital editing, photos are usually taken with a digital camera and inserted directly into the computer. Transparencies, negatives or printed photos can also be digitized using the scanner, or images can be obtained from a stock photography database. With the advent of computers, graphics tablets and digital cameras, the term image editing includes everything you can do for photos, whether in a darkroom or on a computer. Photo manipulation is often much more explicit than subtle changes in color or contrast balance and may involve overlaying the head to a different body or altering the text of the sign, for example. Image editing software can be used to apply effects and bend an image until the desired result is achieved. The resulting image may have little or no resemblance to the photo (or photo in case of compositing) where it came from. Currently, photo manipulation is widely accepted as an art form.
There are several subtypes of retouching a digital image:
- Technical retouching
- Manipulation for photo restoration or upgrades. This can involve color adjustment, contrast, white balance (ie gradational retouching) and sharpness, and removal of noise, elements or defects seen on the skin or material.
- Creative retouching
- Used as an art form or for commercial use to create a more streamlined and compelling image for the ad. Creative retouching can be a manipulation for fashion, beauty, or advertising photography such as image-packages (which can also be regarded as technical retouching in terms of packet dimensions and wrapping factors). One of the most prominent disciplines in creative retouching is the combination of images in which digital artists use multiple photos to create a single image. Currently, 3D computer graphics are used more and more to add additional elements or even location and background. This image composition is widely used when conventional photography is technically too difficult or impossible to photograph at a location or in a studio.
Photoshopped
As a result of the popularity of Adobe Photoshop as image editing software, the use of "photoshopped" neologism is growing everywhere. This term generally refers to any and all edits of digital photos regardless of what software is used. The trademark owner, Adobe Systems Incorporated, while lauding the popularity of the software, objected to what they called the abuse of their trademark software, and considered it a violation of their trademark to use terms like "photoshopped" or "photoshopping" as a noun or verb, in possessive form or as a slang term. However, Adobe's attempts to prevent genericization or genericide from the company's trademark have not yielded results. Separately, the Free Software Foundation recommends not to use "photoshop" as a verb because Adobe Photoshop is proprietary software. The terms "photoshop", "photoshopped" and "photoshopping" are everywhere and widely used everyday and academically when referring to image editing software related to digital manipulation and photo changes.
In popular culture, the term "photoshopping" is sometimes associated with montage in the form of visual jokes, as published in Fark and in Mad magazine. Images can be broadcasted by incase via e-mail as humor or passed as actual news in deceptive form. An example of the latter category is the "Shark Helicopter", which is widely circulated as the so-called "Geographic Photo of the Year" and later revealed to be a hoax.
Gallery
See also
- Lebanese War 2006 photo controversy
- Whitewashing (beauty)
- Cottingley Fairy
- Digital Art
- Kerry Fonda 2004 election photo controversy
- Pascal Dangin
- Photoshop Contest
- Scientific error # Photo manipulation
- Source critic
- Photography is straight
- Bowdlerization tobacco
- Claim Truth (photography)
- Visual art
References
Further reading
- Ades, Dawn (1986). Photomontage . London, UK: Thames & amp; Hudson. ISBN: 0-500-20208-7.
External links
- Digital Destructive in Media, Politics, and Law - a collection of digitally digitally manipulated photos
- Hoax Photo Gallery - more photos being manipulated
- Figures erased in Kagemni's grave - discussing the manipulation of political images with examples from Ancient Egypt
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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