A veterinarian , usually called veterinarian , shortened from veterinarian (American English, Australian English) or animal surgeon b> (English English), is a professional practicing veterinary medicine by treating animal diseases, disorders, and injuries.
Video Veterinary physician
Description
In many countries, the local nomenclature for veterinarians is a regulated and protected term, meaning that community members without pre-requisite and/or licensure qualifications may not use the title. In many cases, activities that may be performed by a veterinarian (such as disease care or surgery in animals) are restricted to professionals registered as veterinarians. For example, in the UK, as in other jurisdictions, animal care can only be done by registered veterinarians (with some specified exceptions, such as workers' workers), and it is illegal for anyone not registered to call themselves. veterinarian or prescribe any treatment.
Most veterinarians work in a clinical setting, caring for animals directly. This veterinarian may be involved in general practice, caring for animals of all kinds; they may specialize in certain groups of animals such as companion animals, livestock, zoo animals or horses; or may specialize in narrow medical disciplines such as surgery, dermatology or internal medicine. Like other health care professionals, veterinarians face ethical decisions about the care of their patients. The current debates in the profession include the ethics of certain procedures that are believed to be purely cosmetic or unnecessary for behavioral problems, such as stating that cats, extracting tails, cutting ears and arguing with dogs.
Maps Veterinary physician
Etymology and nomenclature
The word veterinary comes from the Latin veterinae meaning "worker animal". "Veterinarian" was first used in print by Thomas Browne in 1646.
History
Sage and the ancient Indian veterinarian Shalihotra (mythological estimate c) 2350 BC), the son of a Brahmin sage, Hayagosha, is considered the founder of veterinary science
The first veterinary college was founded in Lyon, France in 1762 by Claude Bourgelat. According to Lupton, after observing the destruction caused by the plague of livestock to the French herd, Bourgelat devotes his time to seeking medicine. This resulted in him establishing an animal college in Lyon in 1761, from which he sent students to fight disease; in a short time, the epidemic remained and health of the supplies was restored, through the aid given to agriculture by the science and art of animals.
The Odiham Agricultural Society was founded in 1783 in the UK to promote agriculture and industry, and plays an important role in the cornerstone of the veterinary profession in the UK. The 1785 Society meeting decided to "promote the Farriery study of rational scientific principles."
The professionalization of animal trade was finally reached in 1790, through the Granville Penn campaign, which persuaded the Frenchman Benoit Vial de St. Bel to accept a professorship at Veterinary College which was just established in London. The Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons was founded by the royal charter in 1844.
Veterinary science emerged in the late 19th century, with an important contribution of Sir John McFadyean, who was credited by many as the inventor of modern Veterinary research.
Roles and responsibilities
Veterinarians treat diseases, disorders or injuries to animals, which include diagnosis, treatment, and postoperative care. The scope of practice, specialization, and experience of individual veterinarians will determine exactly what interventions they do, but most will perform operations (with different complexities).
Unlike in human medicine, veterinarians must rely heavily on clinical signs, because animals can not voice symptoms like humans. In some cases, the owner may be able to provide a medical history and the vet may combine this information along with the observations, and the results of the relevant diagnostic tests such as radiography, CT scan, MRI, blood tests, urinalysis and others.
Veterinarians should consider the feasibility of euthanasia ("lull") if a condition tends to leave the animal in pain or with poor quality of life, or if treatment of a condition tends to cause more damage to the patient than good. , or if the patient is unlikely to survive with any treatment regimen. In addition, there are scenarios in which euthanasia is considered due to client's financial constraints.
As with human medicine, many veterinary jobs are related to prophylactic treatment, to prevent future problems. Common interventions include vaccination against common animal diseases, such as distemper or rabies, and dental prophylaxis to prevent or inhibit dental disease. This may also involve owner education so as to avoid future medical or behavioral problems.
In addition veterinarians have an important role in public health and zoonotic prevention.
Jobs
The vast majority of veterinarians are employed in private practice of caring for animals (75% of veterinarians in the United States, according to the American Veterinary Medical Association).
Small animal veterinarians usually work in veterinary clinics, veterinary hospitals, or both. Veterinary veterinarians often spend more time traveling to see their patients in the main facility that accommodates them, such as a zoo or farm.
Other entrepreneurs include animal-raising charities, veterinary academies, research laboratories, pet food companies, and pharmaceutical companies. In many countries, governments can also become large veterinary companies, such as the US Department of Agriculture or the Animal and Plant Health Service in the United Kingdom. State and local governments also employ veterinarians.
Focus on training
Veterinarians and their practice may be specialized in certain veterinary fields. Focus areas include:
- Exotic animal veterinarians - Commonly thought to include reptiles, exotic birds such as parrots and parrots, and small mammals such as weasels, rabbits, chinchillas, and degus.
- Conservation of drugs - Studies of the relationship between animals and human health and environmental information.
- Small animal practices - Usually dogs, cats, and other companion animals/domestic pets such as hamsters and gerbils. Some practices are special practices of dogs or cats only.
- Animal practices in laboratories - Some veterinarians work in universities or industrial laboratories and are responsible for the care and care of laboratory animals of any species (often involving cattle, pig species, cats, dogs, rodents, and even exotic animals). Their responsibility is not only for animal health and welfare, but also to uphold the humane and ethical treatment of animals in the facility.
- The practice of large animals - Usually refers to veterinarians who work with, various, large livestock and other farm animals, as well as species of horses and large reptiles.
- Horse medicine - Some veterinarians are specialists in horse medicine. Horses differ in anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and farming to other domestic species. Specialization in horse veterinary practice is something that is usually developed after qualification, even if the student has an interest before graduation.
- Animal food medicine - Some veterinarians deal exclusively or primarily with animals raised for food (such as meat, milk, and eggs). Farm practitioners may deal with egg species (sheep), cows (cows) and pigs (pigs); veterinarians such as handling livestock management, nutrition, reproduction, and small field operations. The practice of milk treatment focuses on dairy animals. The practice of poultry treatment focuses on the health of poultry; field often involves extensive training in pathology, epidemiology, and bird nutrition. Veterinarians take care of flocks and not individual animals.
- Food safety practices - Veterinarians are employed by the food industry and government agencies to advise and monitor the handling, preparation and storage of food in ways that prevent foodborne diseases.
- Wildlife treatment - A relatively new veterinary branch, focusing on wildlife. Veterinary veterinarians may work with zoologists and practitioners of conservation medicine and may also be called to treat marine species such as sea otters, dolphins, or whales after natural disasters or oil spills.
- Aquatic drugs - mostly refers to the care of fish animals in cultivation (such as salmon, cod, among other species), but can also include the treatment of water mammals. For certain countries with high economic revenues from aquaculture, this is an important part of the veterinary field (such as Norway, Chile). Other countries (especially those landlocked), may have little or no emphasis on aquatic treatments.
- Dentistry - Many practices incorporate dentistry into their daily medical services. Most canine tooth cleaning ranges from $ 500- $ 1,000 with extraction and mouth operations in the range of $ 2,000 to $ 4,000. Oral radiography can cost patients from $ 200- $ 400. Animal dentistry can extend patient life by preventing oral diseases and maintaining teeth & amp; gum patient in healthy condition. Although procedures and anesthesia can be expensive, most veterinarians start practicing in veterinary medicine.
Veterinary specialization
Veterinarians specialize in minorities as compared to general practice veterinarians, and tend to be based on referral points, such as veterinary schools or larger animal hospitals. Unlike human medicine, veterinary specialties often incorporate the surgical and medical aspects of a biological system.
Veterinary specialties are accredited in North America by AVMA through the American Board of Veterinary Specialties, in Europe by the Council of European Animal Specialties and in Australasia by the Council of Australasian Veterans Council. While some veterinarians may have areas of interest outside of recognized specialties, they are not legal specialists.
Specializations may include general topics such as anesthesiology, dentistry, and surgery, as well as the focus of organ systems such as cardiology or dermatology. The full list can be seen in the veterinarian specialties.
Mobile vs Stationary Practice
Some of the advantages of operating the practice of veterinarians over standard practice are start-up and operational costs. Running a mobile practice is much cheaper than opening brick and mortar locations. Traditional physical location practices can cost up to $ 1,000,000 or more for surgical equipment and equipment. A veterinarian can operate as low as $ 3000 for a box in an SUV up to about $ 250,000 for a specially made chassis. The advantages for pet owners are less stress for their loved ones, less risk of disease transmission and the ease of having more than one pet all at a cost that is almost the same as the clinic. Having to use or put a pet inside a carrier to bring them to a clinic can make the animal stressful. A 2015 study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association proves that the reading of blood pressure, pulse rate and body temperature rate increased by 11-16% when the reading was done at the clinic versus at home.
Salary
The average salary for veterinary graduates in 2016 is $ 74,690 in the United States according to US Money News, while the lowest paid graduates generate about $ 53,000 per year. Montana has the lowest average country, while Michigan, Illinois, and Hawaii have the highest.
The average income for private practice partners in the United States is $ 158,000 in 2013. According to DVM360 most practice owners pay for themselves on a production basis, including a 3-4% management fee plus 4.5% "cost of return" investment depending on the value of their business. We know from industry standards that the average owner of veterinary practices earns about $ 301,000 per year of average salary by 2015. Many practice owners also have a building where the practice is based, as mentioned above. In many cases, owners are also paid building rental fees in addition to their salary. These rising values ​​exceed public practice including uniformed services and government. In Australia, the average income of the profession is $ 67,000 in 2011 and it has declined compared to other professions over the past 30 years, while graduate unemployment has doubled between 2006 and 2011.
The financial rewards for veterinary specialists have proven impressive in the 2015 compensation survey sent to veterinarians in the US. Optometrists and radiologists can earn more than $ 345,468 per year. Pathologists earn more than $ 267,000 annually, and veterinary surgeons earn more than $ 250,061 per year, and lab veterinary specialists can generate more than $ 246,000 annually. Animal dermatologist responded to the survey with an average salary of $ 224,640 and an anesthesiologist with $ 405,200.
Education and regulation
To practice, a veterinarian must complete an appropriate degree in veterinary medicine, and in many cases should be registered with the relevant regulatory body for his or her jurisdiction.
Degrees of veterinary science
The degrees in veterinary medicine lead to the award of a veterinary degree, although the title varies by region. For example, in North America, graduates will receive a Veterinary Doctor (Veterinary Doctor or Veterinarian Medininae, DVM or VMD), while in England or India they will be awarded a Bachelor's Degree in Veterinary Science, Surgery or Medicine (BVS, BVSc, BVetMed or BVMS), and Irish graduates receive Medicinae Veterinariae Baccalaureus (MVB). On the continent of Europe, Doctor Medicinae Veterinariae (DMV, DrMedVet, Dr. med. Vet., MVDr.) Or Doctor Veterinariae Medicinae (DVM, DrVetMed, Dr. vet. Med.) Awarded.
The previous bachelor's degree was common in the United States, but the name of the degree and its academic standard were upgraded to fit the 'doctor' degree used by graduates.
Relatively few universities have veterinary schools that offer accredited degrees to qualify graduates as registered veterinarians. For example, there are 30 in the United States, 5 in Canada, and 8 in the UK (3 of which offer degrees accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA)).
Due to the scarcity of this veterinary venue, admission to veterinary schools is very competitive and requires extensive preparation. In the United States in 2007, approximately 5,750 applicants competed for 2,650 seats in 28 accredited veterinary schools, with a reception rate of 46%.
With competitive acceptance, many schools can place heavy emphasis and judgment on the experience of prospective veterinarians and animals. Formal experience is a special advantage for applicants, often consisting of working with veterinarians or scientists in clinics, agribusiness, research, or some areas of health sciences. Less formal experience also helps for applicants to have, and this includes working with animals on farms or farms or in stable animal enclosures or animals and overall basic animal exposure.
In the United States, about 80% of students claim to be women. In the early history of veterinary medicine in the United States, most veterinarians were male. However, in the 1990s this ratio reached parity, and has now reversed.
Preteterinary courses should emphasize science. Most veterinary schools usually require applicants to take an equivalent one-year class in organic, inorganic, physical, biological chemistry; and one semester of vertebrate and biochemical embryology. Usually, the minimum mathematical requirement is the college level calculus. Each school may require introduction to zoology, animal assessment, animal nutrition, cell biology, and genetics. However, due to the limited availability of these courses, many schools have abolished these requirements to expand the pool of possible applicants.
Accreditation of AVMA Accredited Academy of Medicine
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Registration and permissions
After academic education, most countries require veterinarians to be registered with relevant regulatory agencies, and to maintain this license to practice.
Depending on where the veterinary practices (or want to practice), they may need to complete an exam or a test to complete this enrollment. For example, in the United States, prospective veterinarians must receive a graduation score on the national council exam, the North American Veterinary Examination Examination. The exam should be completed for eight hours, and consists of 360 multiple-choice questions covering all aspects of veterinary medicine, as well as visual materials designed to test diagnostic skills.
Postgraduate study
The percentage choosing to conduct further study after enrollment in the United States has increased from 36.8% to 39.9% in 2008. About 25% of them or about 9% of graduates are accepted in traditional academic apprentices. (2008-696 graduates received positions in follow-up studies, 89.2% (621) received internships (private practice, 74.5%; academic, 25.3%; and other apprentices, 0.2%). % (42) receive residency). About 9% of veterinarians eventually certify in one of 40 different specialties from 22 specialized organizations recognized by the VMA Board of Specializations AVMA America (ABVS).
Special Features of ABVS Veterans
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Comparison of curriculum with human medicine
The first two-year curriculum in both veterinary and human schools is very similar in the name of the course, but on certain subjects the content is relatively different. In general, more fundamental areas of science are (eg: biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology, etc.), more similar. Then when the course became more clinically oriented, a more significant difference emerged. Where some things are completely different, and other things are pretty much the same. Considering the course, the first two-year curriculum usually includes biochemistry, physiology, histology, anatomy, pharmacology, microbiology, epidemiology, pathology and hematology.
Some veterinary schools use the same book of biochemistry, histology, and microbiology as human medical students; However, the course content is well equipped to include varied animal diseases and specific species differences. Many veterinarians trained in pharmacology use the same textbooks as human physicians. As veterinary veterinary specialization evolves, more schools use pharmacology textbooks written specifically for veterinarians. Animal physiology, anatomy, and histology are complex, because physiology often varies between species. Animal microbiology and virology have the same baseline as human microbiology, but with very different disease and presentation manifestations. Epidemiology is focused on group health and prevention of disease transmitted through herds, and foreign animal diseases. Pathologies, such as microbiology and histology, are very diverse and encompass many species and organ systems. Most veterinary schools have programs in small animals as well as large animal nutrition, often taken as an option in clinical years or as part of the core curriculum within the first two years.
The last two years curriculum of two fields are only similar in their clinical emphasis. A veterinary student should be well prepared to be a fully functional veterinarian on the day of graduation, competent in surgery and medicine. Graduating veterinarians must be able to pass a medical examination and be prepared to enter clinical practice on the day of graduation, whilst most medical physicians in the United States complete 3 to 5 years postdoctoral residency before practicing treatment independently, usually in very narrow specialties and focused. Many veterinarians also complete post-doctoral residencies, but not nearly as commonly as in human medicine.
In recent years, the curriculum in human and veterinary medicine has been adapted to the purpose of combining competency-based teaching. Furthermore, the importance of systematic institutionalized teacher feedback has been recognized and tools such as clinical meeting cards are being implemented in clinical veterinary education.
Impact on human medicine
Some veterinarians attend postgraduate training and enter research careers and have contributed to advancements in many areas of human medicine and veterinary medicine, including pharmacology and epidemiology. Veterinary research is the first to isolate oncoviruses, Salmonella species, Brucella species, and other pathogenic agents. Veterinarians are at the forefront of efforts to suppress malaria and yellow fever in the United States. Veterinarians identify the causative agent of botulism, producing anticoagulants used to treat human heart disease, and developing surgical techniques for humans, such as hip joint replacement, extremities and organ transplants.
In popular culture
Television reality shows that veterinarians include:
- E-Vet Interns (1998-2002), the US show was filmed at Alameda East Veterinary Hospital in Denver, Colorado
- Emergency Vets, filmed at Alameda East Veterinary Hospital in Denver, Colorado
- Rookie Vets (2005), featuring students at Massey University in New Zealand
- Vet School Confidential (2001), following students at Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine in the USA
- Vets in Practice (1997-2002), English series
Fictional works featuring veterinarians as the main protagonists include:
- James Herriot's book series of fictional stories about his career as an animal veterinarian in England, adapted as the BBC television series All Big and Small Beings .
- Three Life of Thomasina about Andrew MacDhui, a veterinarian in a village in Scotland.
- A series of children's books. Dolittle, who has twice been adapted into a film, Doctor Dolittle (1967), and Dr. Dolittle (1998).
- Movie Beethoven , featuring a veterinary doctor. Herman Varnick.
veterinary malpractice
Most states in the US allow malpractice suits in the event of death or injury to animals due to professional negligence. Usually the penalty is no greater than the value of the animal. Therefore, malpractice insurance for veterinarians is usually under $ 500 per year. Some countries allow punishment, loss of friendship, and suffering in rewards, possibly increasing the cost of animal malpractice insurance and the cost of animal care. Most veterinarians carry a much higher cost business, workers compensation, and facility insurance to protect their clients and workers from injuries inflicted by animals.
Criticism
Concerns about the role of veterinarians in helping health threats persist and spread have been raised by some commentators, particularly with regard to genealogy dogs. Koharik Arman (2007) reached the following conclusion: "Veterinarians are also responsible for the welfare situation of dog breeds.In fact, the veterinary profession has facilitated the evolution of racial dogs. Breeds that are not usually sustainable are spread by veterinary compliance for breeders' wishes. "This finding was echoed by Sir Patrick Bateson in his Independent Review of Dog Breeding after the BBC documentary Pedigree Dogs Exposed:" This is just the availability of ready modern veterinary medicine that has allowed some conditions... to be spread out. "
See also
- Animal farming
- Veterinary Medicine in the United Kingdom
- Veterinary medicine in the United States
References
Further reading
- Freyberger, P. (2009). Vetting: Making Veterinarians . Publishing PJF.
- Herriot, J. (2004). All Big and Small Beings . St. Martin Griffin.
External links
- Veterinarians in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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