Pentium 4 is the brand by Intel for the entire set of single-core CPUs for desktops, laptops and entry-level servers. Processor shipped from November 20, 2000, to August 8, 2008.
All Pentium 4 CPUs are based on the NetBurst architecture. Pentium 4 Willamette (180 nm) introduces SSE2, while Prescott (90 nm) introduces SSE3. Prescott's latest version introduces Hyper-Threading Technology (HTT).
The first Pentium 4 processor that implements 64-bit is Prescott (90 nm) (February 2004), but this feature is not enabled. Intel then began selling 64-bit Pentium 4s using the Prescott "E0" revision , sold on the OEM market as Pentium 4, the F model. The E0 revision also added eXecute Disable (XD) (Intel's name for bits NX) to Intel 64. The official launch of Intel Intel 64 (under the EM64T name at the time) in the main desktop processor is the N0 stepped Prescott-2M.
Intel also markets their low-end Celeron processor versions based on the NetBurst microarchitecture (often referred to as Celeron 4), and high-end derivatives, Xeon, aimed at multi-socket servers and workstations. In 2005, the Pentium 4 was equipped by dual-core-brands Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition.
Video Pentium 4
Mikroarsitektur
In the benchmark evaluation, the advantages of the NetBurst micro architecture are not clear. With a carefully optimized application code, the first Pentium 4s outperformed Intel's fastest Pentium III (clocked at 1.13 GHz at the time), as expected. But in legacy applications with many branching or floating-point x87 instructions, the Pentium 4 will only match or run slower than its predecessor. The main downfall is a shared unidirectional bus. The NetBurst microarchitecture consumes more power and emits more heat than previous Intel or AMD microarchitectures.
As a result, the Pentium 4 introduction is filled with mixed reviews: Developers dislike Pentium 4, as this is a set of new code optimization rules. For example, in a math application, AMD Athlon with a low-clock (the fastest clock model at 1.2 GHz clock at the time) easily outperforms the Pentium 4, which will only pursue if the software is recompiled with SSE2 support. Tom Yager from Infoworld magazine calls it "the fastest CPU - for a fully cached program". Buyers who understand computers avoid Pentium 4 PCs because of their premium prices, questionable benefits, and initial restrictions for RAM Rambus. In terms of product marketing, the Pentium 4 single emphasis on clock frequency (above all) makes it a marketer's dream. The result is that the NetBurst microarchitecture is often referred to as marchitecture by various computing websites and publications during the Pentium 4 period. It is also called "NetBust," a term popular among reviewers who mirror the performance of processors negatively..
Two classic CPU performance metrics are IPC (instruction per cycle) and clock speed. While IPC is difficult to measure due to its dependence on mixed benchmark applications, clock speed is a simple measurement that produces a single absolute number. Unsophisticated buyers will only consider the processor with the highest clock speed to be the best product, and Pentium 4 has the fastest clock speed. Since AMD processors have a slower clock speed, it denies Intel's marketing advantage with the "megahertz myth" campaign. The marketing of AMD products uses a "PR-rating" system, which assigns performance values ​​based on relative performance to the baseline engine.
At the launch of Pentium 4, Intel stated that NetBurst-based processors are expected to scale to 10 GHz after several generations of fabrication processes. However, the processor clock speed using the NetBurst microarchitecture reaches a maximum of 3.8 GHz. Intel does not anticipate the rapid increase of power leakage of transistors that begin to occur when the die reaches 90Ã, nm lithography and smaller. This new power leakage phenomenon, together with standard thermal output, creates cooling problems and clock scales as clock speed increases. Reacting to these unexpected obstacles, Intel tried several core redesigns ("Prescott" primarily) and explored new manufacturing technologies, such as using multiple cores, increasing FSB speeds, increasing cache size, and using longer instruction pipes along with clock speed higher.. This solution failed, and from 2003 to 2005, Intel shifted the development of NetBurst to focus on the Pentium M microarchitecture that runs cooler. On January 5, 2006, Intel launched the Core processor, which gives greater emphasis on energy efficiency and performance per clock cycle. The inaugural NetBurst-derived product was released in 2007, with all subsequent product families switching exclusively to the Core micro architecture.
Maps Pentium 4
Processor core
The Pentium 4 processor has an integrated heat spreader (IHS) that prevents accidental shutdown when installing and removing cooling solutions. Before IHS, CPU shims are sometimes used by people who worry about damaging the core. Overclockers sometimes exclude IHS from Socket 423 and Socket 478 chips to allow direct heat transfer. On processors using the LGA 775 Socket interface (Socket T), IHS is directly soldered to die or dies, making it difficult to remove.
Willamette
Willamette, the project code name for the first NetBurst microarchitecture implementation, underwent a long delay in completion of its design process. The project started in 1998, when Intel saw the Pentium II as their permanent line. At that time, Willamette's core is expected to operate at frequencies up to about 1 GHz. However, the Pentium III was released while Willamette is still finished. Due to the radical differences between the P6 and NetBurst microarchitectures, Intel can not market Willamette as a Pentium III, so it is marketed as a Pentium 4.
On November 20, 2000, Intel released Pentium 4-based Willamette clocks at 1.4 and 1.5Ã, GHz. Most industry experts consider the initial release as a replacement product, introduced before it is completely ready. According to these experts, the Pentium 4 was released because the Thunderbird-based AMD Athlon competed against the old Pentium III, and further improvement on the Pentium III was not yet possible. The Pentium 4 was produced using the 180Ã, nm process and initially used Socket 423 (also called the W socket, for "Willamette"), with revisions then moving to Socket 478 (N socket, for "Northwood"). This variant is identified by the respective Intel product codes 80528 and 80531.
On the test bench, Willamette is somewhat disappointing for analysts because it is not only able to beat the Athlon and Pentium III highest in all test situations, but not higher than AMD Duron budget segment. Although introduced at a price of $ 644 (1.4 GHz) and $ 819 (1.5 GHz) for 1000 quantities for OEM PC manufacturers (prices for models for consumer markets vary by retailer), it is sold at a moderate but respectable level, defects somewhat by the relatively fast but expensive RAM RAM RAM requirements (RDRAM). The Pentium III remains the best-selling line of Intel processors, with Athlon also selling slightly better than Pentium 4. While Intel bundles two RDRAM modules with each Pentium 4 box, it does not facilitate Pentium 4 sales and is not considered a true solution by many..
In January 2001, the 1.3 GHz model is still slower added to the range, but over the next twelve months, Intel is gradually beginning to reduce AMD's leadership in performance. In April 2001, a Pentium 4, 4 GHz was launched, the first model to provide a clear performance superior to the old Pentium III. July saw models 1.6 and 1.8 GHz and in August 2001, Intel released 1.9 and 2 GHz Pentium 4s. In the same month, they released the 845 chipset that supports PC133 SDRAM which is much cheaper than RDRAM. The fact that SDRAM is much cheaper causes sales of Pentium 4 to grow rapidly. The new chipset enables the Pentium 4 to quickly replace the Pentium III, becoming the best-selling mainstream processor in the market.
The Willamette code name is from the Willamette Valley region of Oregon, where a large number of Intel manufacturing facilities are located.
Northwood
In January 2002, Intel released the Pentium 4s with a new core code called "Northwood" at speeds of 1.6 GHz, 1.8 GHz, 2 GHz, and 2.2 GHz. Northwood (product code 80532) combines an increase in L2 cache size from 256 KB to 512 KB (increasing the number of transistors from 42 million to 55 million) by transitioning to a new fabrication process of 130Ã, nm. Creating a processor from a smaller transistor means it can run at higher clock speeds and produce less heat. In the same month board uses 845 chipsets released with support enabled for DDR SDRAM which provides twice the bandwidth of PC133 SDRAM, and reduces the high cost associated using Rambus RDRAM for maximum performance with Pentium 4.
A 2.4 GHz Pentium 4 was released on April 2, 2002, and the bus speed increased from 400 MT/s to 533 MT/s (133 MHz physical clock) to 2.26 GHz, 2.4 GHz and 2.53 GHz May models, 2.66 GHz and 2.8 GHz models in August, and a 3.06 GHz model in November. With Northwood, the Pentium 4 comes of age. The battle for performance leadership remains competitive (because AMD introduced faster versions of the Athlon XP) but most observers agree that the fastest Northwood-based Pentium 4 is usually ahead of its rivals. This was especially the case in mid-2002, when AMD's change to its 130m production process did not help the early "Thoroughbred A" revision of Athlon XP CPUs to clock high enough to overcome Northwood's excess in the 2.4 to 2.8 GHz range.
The 3.06Ã, GHz Pentium 4 enabled Hyper-Threading Technology was first powered on Xeon Foster. It initiates a virtual processor convention (or virtual core) under x86 by enabling multiple threads to run at the same time on the same physical processor. By shuffling two (ideally different) program instructions to simultaneously execute through a single physical processor core, the goal is to utilize the best processor resources that should not be used from the traditional approach because it has one of these instructions waiting for each other to execute singly through the core. The initial process of this 3.06 GHz 533FSB Pentium 4 Hyper-Threading processor is known as the Pentium 4 HT and was introduced to the mass market by Gateway in November 2002.
On April 14, 2003, Intel officially launched the new Pentium 4 HT processor. This processor uses 800Ã, MT/s FSB (physical clock 200Ã, MHz), clocked at 3Ã, GHz, and has Hyper-Threading Technology (which is a representation of HT moniker). This is intended to help the Pentium 4 compete better with AMD Opteron processors. The server-oriented Opteron initially did not use a common socket with AMD's desktop processor line (Socket A). Therefore, motherboard manufacturers did not initially build motherboards with AGP for Opteron. Because AGP is the ultimate graphical expansion port for desktop use, this oversight prevents Opteron from expanding from the server market and threatening the Pentium 4 desktop market. Meanwhile, with the launch of the Athlon XP 3200 on AMD's desktop line, AMD increased the FSB Athlon XP speed from 333 MT/s to 400 MT/s, but that's not enough to hold the new 3 GHz Pentium 4 HT. Increased Pentium 4 HT to 200 MHz quad-pumped bus (200x4 = 800Mhz effective) is helpful to meet the desired bandwidth requirements of Netburst architecture to achieve optimum performance. While the Athlon XP architecture is less dependent on bandwidth, the amount of bandwidth achieved by Intel is out of range for the EV6 Athlon bus. Hypothetically, EV6 can achieve the same amount of bandwidth, but only at speeds that can not be reached at that time. Higher Intel bandwidth proved useful in benchmarks for streaming operations, and Intel's marketing wisely utilized this as a tangible improvement over AMD's desktop processors. The 2.4 GHz, 2.6 GHz, and 2.8 GHz variants of Northwood were released on May 21, 2003. A 2.2 GHz variant was launched on June 23, 2003 and the final 3.4 GHz version arrived on February 2, 2004.
The initial overclocking of Northwood core steps produces a surprising phenomenon. While the core voltage is close to 1.7 V and above it will often allow substantial increase in overclocking headroom, the processor will slowly (for several months or even weeks) become more unstable over time with decreases in maximum stable clock speed before it dies and become completely unusable. This is known as Sudden Sudden Northwood Syndrome (SNDS), caused by electromigration.
Pentium 4-M
Also based on the Northwood core, Intel Pentium 4 - M Mobile Processor was released on April 23, 2002 and includes SpeedStep and Deeper Sleep technology from Intel. The naming convention of Intel makes it difficult at the time of processor release to identify the processor model. There are Pentium III mobile chips, Mobile Pentium 4-M, Mobile Pentium 4, and then only Pentium M which is by itself based on Pentium III and significantly faster than before. Its TDP is about 35 watts in most applications. This low power consumption is due to lower core voltage, and other features mentioned earlier.
Unlike the Pentium 4 desktop, the Pentium 4-M does not feature an integrated heat spreader (IHS), and operates at a lower voltage. Lower voltage means lower power consumption, and in turn less heat. However, according to Intel's specifications, the Pentium 4-M has a maximum thermal connection temperature rating of 100 degrees C, about 40 degrees higher than the Pentium 4 desktop.
Pentium 4 phone
The process of Mobile Intel Pentium 4 was released to address the problem of putting a full desktop Pentium 4 processor into a laptop, which is done by several manufacturers. Mobile Pentium 4 uses 533 MT/s FSB, following the evolution of the Pentium 4 desktop. Surprisingly, an increase in bus speed of 133 MT/s (33 MHz) led to a massive increase in TDP, as the Pentium 4 mobile processor emits 59.8-70 W of heat, with the Hyper-Threading variant emitting 66.1-88 W. This allows Pentium 4 phones to bridge the gap between desktop Pentium 4 (up to 115 W TDP), and Pentium 4-M (up to 35 W TDP).
Gallic span id = "Gallatin_ (Extreme_Edition)
In September 2003, at the Intel Developer Forum, the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (P4EE) was announced, just over a week before the launch of the Athlon 64 and Athlon 64 FX. The design is mostly identical to the Pentium 4 (so far it will run on the same motherboard), but in contrast to the additional 2 MB level 3 cache. It shares Gallatin's same core as the Xeon MP, though in the form factor Socket 478 (as opposed to Socket 603 for Xeon MP) and with bus 800 MT/s, twice as fast as MP Xeon.
While Intel claims that the Extreme Edition is aimed at gamers, critics see it as an attempt to steal the launch thrill of the Athlon 64, calling it the "Emergency Edition". With the official price tag of $ 999, it is also referred to as "Expensive Edition" or "Very Expensive".
The added cache generally results in a noticeable performance improvement in most processor-intensive applications. Multimedia encoding and certain games are greatly benefited, with Extreme Edition outperforming Pentium 4, and even two Athlon 64 variants, although lower prices and more balanced performance than Athlon 64 (especially non-FX versions) raise it usually seen as a value proposition better. Nevertheless, Extreme Edition does achieve Intel's real goal, which prevents AMD from becoming a performance champion with the new Athlon 64, which won every major benchmark over existing Pentium 4.
In January 2004, version 3.4Ã, GHz was released for Socket 478, and in the summer of 2004 the CPU was released using the new Socket 775. A slight performance increase was achieved in late 2004 by increasing bus speed from 800 MT/s to 1066 MT/s, resulting 3.46 GHz Pentium 4 Extreme Edition. With most metrics, this is the fastest single-core NetBurst processor clock ever manufactured, even surpassing many of its replacement chips (excluding the Pentium D dual-core). After that, the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition was moved to the Prescott core. The new 3.73 GHz Extreme Edition has the same features as Prescott 2M with 6x0 order, but with 1066 MT/s bus. In practice, however, the 3.73 GHz Pentium 4 Extreme Edition almost always proves to be slower than the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 3.46 GHz, which is most likely caused by L3 cache and longer instruction pipes. The only advantage of 3.73 GHz Pentium 4 Extreme Edition has more than 3.46 GHz Pentium 4 Extreme Edition is the ability to run 64-bit applications because all Gallatin-based Pentium 4 Extreme Edition processors do not have Intel 64 instruction set.
Although never a very good seller, especially since it was released when AMD confirmed total dominance in the processor performance race, the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition set a new position in Intel's product line, the enthusiastic-oriented chip with the highest specifications offered by Intel chips, along with an unlocked multiplier to allow easier overclocking. In this role has been replaced by Pentium Extreme Edition (Extreme Version of Pentium D dual-core), Core 2 Extreme, Core i7 and later, Core i9.
Prescott
On February 1, 2004, Intel introduced a new core code called "Prescott". The core uses the 90 nm process for the first time, described by an analyst as "the ultimate reworking of Pentium 4 microarchitecture." Despite these improvements, performance results are inconsistent. Some programs benefit from doubling Prescott cache and SSE3 instructions, while others are harmed by longer pipes. Prescott's microstructure allows slightly higher clock speeds, but not as high as expected by Intel. Pentium 4s based Prescott is mass-produced with 3.8 GHz clock. While Northwood finally achieved a clock speed 70% higher than Willamette, Prescott rose 12% outside of Northwood. Prescott's inability to achieve greater clock speeds is associated with very high power consumption and heat output from the processor. This causes the processor to receive the nickname "PresHot" in the forum. In fact, Prescott's heat and heat characteristics are only slightly higher than Northwood's at the same rate and almost the same as the Gallatin-based Extreme Edition, but since the processor has operated near a thermally acceptable threshold, this is still a big problem.
The "Prescott" Pentium 4 contains 125 million transistors and has a dead area of ​​112 mm 2 . It was made in a 90nm process with seven levels of copper interconnections. The process features such as silicone tension transistors and low-K carbon-doped oxide silicon (CDO) dielectrics, also known as organosilicate glass (OSG). Prescott was first created in D1C development fab and then moved to fab F11X production.
Initially, Intel released two Prescott lines: E-series, with 800Ã, MT/s FSB and Hyper-Threading support, and A-series low-end, with 533 MT/s FSB and Hyper-Threading disabled. Intel has finally added XD Bit (eXecute Disable) and Intel 64 functionality to Prescott.
LGA 775 Prescott uses a rating system, labeling them as the 5xx series (Celeron Ds is the 3xx series, while the Pentium Ms is the 7xx series). The LGA 775 version of the E-series uses a 5x0 model number (520-560), and the LGA 775 version of the A-series uses the 5x5 and 5x9 model numbers (505-519). The fastest, 570J and 571, clocked at 3.8 GHz. The plan to mass-produce 4 GHz Pentium 4 was canceled by Intel to support dual core processors, although some European retailers claim to sell Pentium 4 580, clocked 4 GHz.
The 5x0J series (and the low-end equivalent, 5x5J and 5x9J series) introduced the XD Bit a.k.a. eXecute Disabled Bit to Intel processors. This technology, introduced to the x86 line by AMD and called NX (No eXecute), can help prevent some types of malicious code from exploiting buffer overflow for execution. Intel also released a series of Prescott that support Intel 64, Intel's implementation of the 64-bit x86-64 extension that AMD developed into the x86 architecture. It was originally released as an F-series, and was only sold to OEMs, but they later renamed the 5x1 series and sold to the general public. Two Prescott low-end Intel 64-enabled, based on the 5x5/5x9 series, also released with 506 and 516 model numbers. 5x0, 5x0J, and Prescott 5x1 series combine Hyper-Threading to speed up multiple processes using multithreaded software, such as video editing. The 5x1 series also supports 64 bit computing.
Prescott 2M (Extreme Edition)
Intel, in the first quarter of 2005, released a new Prescott core with 6x0 numbering, codenamed " Prescott 2M ". Prescott 2M is also sometimes known by its Xeon derivative, " Irwindale ". It features Intel 64, Bit XD, EIST (Enhanced Intel SpeedStep Technology), Tm2 (for processors at 3.6 GHz and above), and 2 MB L2 cache. However, higher cache latency and multiple word sizes, if using Intel 64 mode, negate any added cache added benefits. Rather than being a targeted speed increase, the double size cache is intended to provide the same space and hence performance for 64-bit mode operation.
Prescott 6xx Series 2Ms has incorporated Hyper-Threading to speed up some processes that use multithread software, such as video editing.
On November 14, 2005, Intel released 2M Prescott processor with VT (Virtualization Technology, codenamed "Vanderpool") enabled. Intel only released two models from the 2M Prescott category: 662 and 672, each running at 3.6 GHz and 3.8 GHz.
Cedar Mill
The final revision of the Pentium 4 is Cedar Mill , released on January 5, 2006. It is a dead shrinkage of 600 Prescott core series to 65 nm, with no real but significantly reduced features added. power consumption. Cedar Mill has a lower heat output than Prescott, with a TDP of 86 W. Core Stepping from D0 at the end of 2006 reduces this to 65 watts. It has a 65'nm core and features the same 31-stage pipeline as Prescott, 800Ã, MT/s FSB, Intel 64, Hyper-Threading, but no Virtualization Technology. Like the 2M Prescott, Cedar Mill also has 2 MB of L2 cache. It was released as a 6x1 and 6x3 Pentium (product code 80552) at frequencies from 3 GHz to 3.6 GHz. Overclockers managed to surpass 8 GHz with this processor using liquid nitrogen cooling.
To distinguish Cedar Mill cores from Prescott cores with the same features, Intel adds 1 to their model number. Thus, Pentium 4 631, 641, 651 and 661 are Cedar McMrocessor 65 microprocessors, while Pentium 630, 640, 650 and 660 are Prescott 90% equivalents respectively.
The name "Cedar Mill" refers to Cedar Mill, Oregon, an unrelated community near the Hillsboro, Oregon facility owned by Intel.
Successor
The original successor to the Pentium 4 is Tejas's code name, which is scheduled for early mid-2005 release. However, it was canceled a few months after the Prescott release due to very high TDP (2.8 GHz Tejas emits 150 W of heat, compared to about 80 W for Northwood with the same speed, and 100 W for a comparable clock Prescott) and development on the NetBurst microarchitecture as a whole stopped, with the exception of Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition dual-core and Pentium 4 HT-based Cedar Mill.
Since May 2005, Intel has released dual-core processors under the Pentium D and Pentium Extreme Edition brands. These come under the code names Smithfield and Presler for sections 90 nm and 65 nm respectively.
The true successor to the Pentium 4 brand is the Intel Core 2 brand, released on July 27, 2006. The underlying microarchitecture is the Core microarchitecture, and the first chip to implement it (in 65 nm) is called "Conroe". Intel Core 2 processors have been released as single, dual and quad core processors. Quad-core consists of 2 dice.
Processors implementing the Core micro architecture are marketed under "Core 2" -brand, because the Yonah-microarchitecture-based processor has been marketed under the Core-brand.
See also
Notes and references
External links
- The future of Prescott: when Moore gives you a lemon... in Ars Technica
- Prescott vs. Northwood Pentium 4 Review
- Intel Documentation
- Inside the Pentium 4 Architecture
- Pentium 4 Processor Micro Architecture
- P4 FPU sensitive abandonment threshold and its effect on real-time audio processing
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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