Plastic surgery is a surgical specialty that involves the recovery, reconstruction, or alteration of the human body. It can be divided into two categories. The first is reconstructive surgery which includes craniofacial surgery, hand surgery, micro surgery, and burn care. The other is cosmetic or aesthetic surgery. While reconstructive surgery aims to reconstruct parts of the body or improve its function, cosmetic surgery aims to improve its appearance. Both of these techniques are used all over the world.
Video Plastic surgery
Etimologi
In terms of "plastic surgery," plastic adjectives imply sculpting and/or reshap , derived from the Greek ????? ??? (?????), plastics? ( tekhn? ), "soft meat" modeling art. This meaning in English was seen in early 1598. The definition of "plastic" surgery first appeared in 1839, preceding the "plastic fabric of modern" plastic (created by Leo Baekeland in 1909) for 70 years.
Maps Plastic surgery
History
Treatment for repair of damaged nose plastic was first mentioned in Edwin Smith Papyrus, an ancient Egyptian medical text transcription, one of the earliest known surgical treatises, dated to the Old Kingdom from 3000 to 2500 BC. Surgical reconstruction techniques are being carried out in India in 800 BC. Sushruta is a physician who made important contributions to the field of plastic surgery and cataracts in the 6th century BC. Medical works from Sushruta and Charak, originally in Sanskrit, were translated into Arabic during the Abbasid Caliphate in 750 AD. Arabic translations go to Europe through intermediaries. In Italy, the Branca family of Sicily and Gaspare Tagliacozzi (Bologna) became familiar with the Sushruta technique.
British doctors travel to India to see rhinoplasties performed by Indian methods. The report on Indian rhinoplasty by Kumhar vaidya was published at Gentleman's Magazine in 1794. Joseph Constantine Carpue spent 20 years in India studying local plastic surgery methods. Carpue was able to undertake the first major operation in the Western world in 1815. The instruments described in Sushuta Samhita were further modified in the Western world.
The Romans also perform cosmetic plastic surgery. The Romans were able to perform simple techniques, such as repairing damaged ears, from about the 1st century BC. For religious reasons, they do not dissect human beings or animals, so their knowledge is based entirely on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Nevertheless, Aulus Cornelius Celsus leaves behind some very accurate anatomical descriptions, some of which - for example, the study of genitalia and skeletons - are of particular interest to plastic surgery.
In 1465, Sabuncu's book, description and classification of hypospadias was more informative and up to date. The localization of the urethral meatus is described in detail. Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitals. In the middle of the 15th century in Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process "to make a new nose for someone who does not have it completely, and the dogs have devoured it" by lifting the skin from the back of the arm and stitching it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with operations of any kind, particularly those involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries such an operation became common.
Until the use of anesthesia becomes established, surgery involving healthy tissue is very painful. Infection from surgery is reduced by the introduction of sterile techniques and disinfectants. The discovery and use of antibiotics, starting with sulfonamide and penicillin, is another step in making possible elective surgery.
In 1793, FranÃÆ'§ois Chopart performed surgical procedures on the lips using a flap of the neck. In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed an operating procedure on a British military officer who lost his nose due to the toxic effects of mercury treatment. In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastics . Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm, rather than delayed pedicle spots.
The first American plastic surgeon was John Peter Mettauer, who, in 1827, performed his first cleft operation with an instrument he designed himself. In 1845, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rinoplasty, titled Operative Chirurgie , and introduced the concept of surgery to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose.
In 1891, American osteolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work: a young woman in which he reduced back back bumps to cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented with failing xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of a concave nose. In 1896, James Israel, a German urologist surgeon, and in 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone graphting to reconstruct a saddle-nosed defect. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, a trained orthopedic surgeon in Germany, published his first report on rinoplasty reduction. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik .
Development of modern techniques
The father of modern plastic surgery is generally regarded as Sir Harold Gillies. A New Zealand otolaryngologist working in London, he developed many modern facial surgical techniques in caring for faceless faces during the First World War.
During World War I, he worked as a medical nurse at the Royal Army Medical Corps. After working with the famous French maxillofacial surgeon Hippolyte Morestin on skin grafts, he persuaded the army chief surgeon, Arbuthnot-Lane, to form a facial injury ward at Cambridge Military Hospital, Aldershot, later upgraded to a new hospital for facial repair. at Sidcup in 1917. There Gillies and his colleagues developed many plastic surgery techniques; more than 11,000 operations were performed on more than 5,000 people (mostly soldiers with facial injuries, usually due to gunshot wounds). After the war, Gillies developed a private practice with Rainsford Mowlem, including many famous patients, and traveled extensively to promote his cutting edge techniques worldwide.
In 1930, Gillies' cousin Archibald McIndoe joined the practice and became committed to plastic surgery. When World War II broke out, the provisions of plastic surgery were largely shared between various armed services, and Gillies and his team split. Gillies himself was sent to the Rooksdown House near Basingstoke, which became the main army plastic surgery unit; Tommy Kilner (who had worked with Gillies during the First World War, and who now has a surgical instrument named after him, a cheek kiln retractor), went to Queen Mary, Roehampton, and Mowlem Hospital to St Albans. McIndoe, RAF consultant, moved to the newly rebuilt Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead, Sussex, and founded the Center for Plastic and Jaw Surgery. There, he treats very deep burns, and serious facial defects, such as loss of eyelids, a characteristic that causes aircrew by burning fuel.
McIndoe is often recognized not only for developing new techniques for treating severe burning faces and hands but also for recognizing the importance of victim rehabilitation and in particular social reintegration back to normal life. He dumped the "recovery uniform" and let the patients use their service uniforms. With the help of two friends, Neville and Elaine Blond, he also convinced the locals to support the patients and invite them to their homes. McIndoe continues to refer to them as "his sons" and the staff calls him "The Boss" or "The Maestro."
Other important occupations include the development of a stalk-skin grafting, and the discovery that immersion in saline improves healing as well as improves survival rates for victims with extensive burns - this is a coincidental discovery taken from observations of differential healing rates in pilots who have descended on land and at sea. His radical and experimental treatment leads to the establishment of Guinea Pig Club at Queen Victoria Hospital, Sussex. Among the better known "club" members are Richard Hillary, Bill Foxley, and Jimmy Edwards.
Sub-specialization
Plastic surgery is a broad field, and can be further divided. In the United States, plastic surgeons are councils certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery. Plastic subdisciplines may include:
Aesthetic Surgery
Aesthetic surgery is an important component of plastic surgery and includes facial and body aesthetic surgery. Plastic surgeons use the principles of cosmetic surgery in all reconstructive surgical procedures as well as isolated surgery to improve overall appearance.
Burn operation
Burn surgery usually occurs in two phases. Surgery of acute burns is an immediate treatment after burns. Reconstructive burn surgery occurs after burns heal.
Craniofacial surgery
Craniofacial surgery is divided into pediatric and adult craniofacial surgery. The child's craniofacial surgery mostly revolves around the treatment of congenital anomalies of the craniofacial and soft tissues, such as cleft lip and palate, craniosinostosis, and pediatric fractures. Adult craniofacial surgery is mostly related to fractures and secondary surgery (such as orbital reconstruction) along with orthognathic surgery. Craniofacial surgery is an important part of all plastic surgical training programs, further training and subspecialty are obtained through craniofacial alliances. Craniofacial surgery is also performed by the Maxillo-Facial surgeon.
Hand operation
Hand surgery is associated with acute injuries and chronic diseases of the hands and wrists, correction of congenital malformation of the upper limb, and peripheral nerve problems (such as brachial plexus injury or carpal tunnel syndrome). Hand surgery is an important part of training in plastic surgery, as well as micro surgery, which is necessary to replant an amputated limb. The field of hand surgery is also performed by orthopedic surgeons and general surgeons. The formation of scar tissue after surgery can be a problem with the smooth hand, causing loss of dexterity and digit function if it is severe enough. There are several cases of surgery on the hands of women to correct the perceived deficiency to create the perfect engagement ring photo.
Micro Surgery
Micro surgery is commonly associated with reconstructing lost tissue by transferring a piece of tissue to the reconstruction site and reconnecting the blood vessels. Popular subspecial areas are breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, hand/replantation surgery, and brachial plexus surgery.
Plastic surgeon
Children often face medical problems that are very different from the experiences of an adult patient. Many birth defects or birth syndromes are best treated in childhood, and pediatric plastic surgeons specialize in treating these conditions in children. Conditions commonly treated by pediatric plastic surgeons include craniofacial anomalies, Syndactyly (finger and toe membranes), Polydactyly (excess fingers and toes at birth), cleft lip and palate, and congenital hand defects.
Techniques and procedures
In plastic surgery, skin tissue transfer (skin grafts) is a very common procedure. Skin grafts can come from recipients or donors:
- Autografts are taken from the recipient. In the absence or lack of natural tissue, alternatives may be epithelial cell sheets in vitro or synthetic compounds, such as the integra, composed of silicone and cow collagen tendon with glycosaminoglycans.
- Allografts are taken from the same species donor.
- Xenografts are taken from different species donors.
Usually, good results will be expected from plastic surgery that emphasizes careful planning of the incisions so that they are in natural folds or skin lines, appropriate wound closure options, the best use of stitching materials available, and the initial removal of open stitches so that the wound is held covered by buried sutures.
Reconstructive Surgery
Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional disorders caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and fractures; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft lip or cleft lip; developmental disorders; infections and diseases; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but may be done to estimate normal appearance.
The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laseration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and plasty breast reduction. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of reconstructive breast reduction for women increased in 2007 by 2 percent from a year earlier. Decreased breasts in men also increased in 2007 by 7 percent. In 2012, there are 68,416 done.
Several other common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after mastectomy for cancer treatment, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn victims, and creating new outer ears when a person is not present congenally.
Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissues for defect coverage when no local tissue is available. Skin-free, muscle, bone, fat, or combination edges can be removed from the body, transferred elsewhere in the body, and reconnected to the blood supply by sewing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.
Prosedur operasi kosmetik
Cosmetic surgery is an optional or elective surgery performed on normal body parts with the sole purpose of improving one's appearance and/or eliminating signs of aging. By 2014, nearly 16 million cosmetic procedures are performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has nearly doubled since the beginning of this century. 92% of cosmetic procedures performed on women in 2014, up from 88% in 2001. Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast enlargement, liposuction, breast reduction, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery looks at statistics for 34 different cosmetic procedures. Nineteen procedures are surgeries, such as nose surgery or beauty surgery. Nonsurgical procedures include Botox and laser hair removal. In 2010, their survey revealed that there were 9,336,814 total procedures in the United States. Of them, 1,622,290 procedures are surgical (p.5). They also found that most, 81%, procedures were performed on Caucasians (p 12). The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) estimates that over 333,000 cosmetic procedures were performed in patients 18 years of age or younger in the US in 2005 compared with approximately. 14,000 in 1996. This is important because it encourages young people to continue this procedure in the future. Increased use of cosmetic procedures across racial and ethnic lines in the US, with visible improvements among African-Americans, Hispanic and Asian American As well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $ 2.2 billion business. Of the 1191 British newspaper articles, 89% used the term 'plastic surgery' in the context of cosmetic surgery. This is important because it shows the frequency at which the western world describes cosmetic surgery. In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become more popular, and countries like China and India have become Asia's largest cosmetic surgery market.
Plastic surgery increased slowly, up 115% from 2000 to 2015. "According to the procedural statistics of annual plastic surgery, there are 15.9 million minimally invasive surgical procedures performed in the United States by 2015, up 2 percent compared to 2014."
The most popular aesthetic/cosmetic procedures include:
- Abdominoplasty ("tummy tuck"): reshape and strengthen the stomach
- Blepharoplasty ("eyelid surgery"): re-establishment of upper/lower eyelids including Asian blepharoplasty
- Phalloplasty ("penile surgery") Ã,: construction (or reconstruction) of the penis or, occasionally, artificial penile modification by surgery, often for beauty purposes
- Mammoplasty: Breast enlargement ("breast implants" or "breast work"): breast enlargement by transplanting fat, saline, or silicone gel prosthetics, originally performed on women with micromastia
- Reduced mammoplasty ("breast reduction"): removal of skin and glandular tissue, which is done to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with gigantomastia and for men with gynecomastia
- Mastopection ("breast tightening"): Lifting or reshaping the breast to make it less loose, often after weight loss (after pregnancy, for example). This involves removal of the breast skin as opposed to the glandular tissue
- Butt lift: lift, and tighten the butt with excess skin excision
- Neck lift: tightening of loose tissue in the neck. This procedure is often combined with facelift for lower facial rejuvenation.
- Browplasty ("eyebrow" or "forehead tone"): raises eyebrows, smooths the skin of the forehead
- Midface lift ("cheek lift"): tightens cheeks
The most popular surgeries are Botox, liposuction, eyelid surgery, breast implants, nose surgery, and beauty surgery.
Complications, risks, and reversals
All operations are at risk. Common complications of cosmetic surgery include hematoma, nerve damage, infection, scarring, implant failure and organ damage. Breast implants can have many complications, including rupture. In 2011 the FDA stated that one in five patients who received implants for breast enlargement would require them removed in 10 years of implantation.
Although media and advertising play a huge role in influencing the lives of many people, such as making people believe plastic surgery to be an acceptable course to change our identity to our liking, researchers believe that plastic surgery obsessions are related to psychological disorders such as dysmorphic bodies. chaos. There is a correlation between BDD sufferers and a tendency towards cosmetic plastic surgery to correct the perceived defects in their appearance.
BDD is a disorder that causes the sufferer to be "busy with what they consider to be a defect in their body or face." Or, if there is a little physical anomaly, then the attention of the person is very exaggerated. While 2% of people suffer from body dysmorphic disorders in the United States, 15% of patients who see a dermatologist and cosmetic surgeon experience the disorder. Half of patients with disorders who have cosmetic surgery are done unhappy with aesthetic results. BDD can cause suicide in some sufferers. While many with BDD seek cosmetic surgery, the procedure does not treat BDD, and in the end may aggravate the problem. The psychological roots of the problem are usually not identified; therefore making the treatment more difficult. Some people say that fixation or obsession with regional correction can be a sub-disorder such as anorexia or muscle dysmorphia.
In some cases, the person whose doctor refuses to perform further surgery, has switched to plastic surgery "do it yourself", inject and run an extreme security risk.
See also
- Biomaterials
- Body modifications
- Plastic Surgery and Reconstruction
- Reconstruction of the scalp
- List of plastic surgery flaps
References
Further reading
- Santoni-Rugiu, Paolo (2007). History of Plastic Surgery . Jumper. ISBN: 3-540-46240-6.
- Fraser, Suzanne (2003). Cosmetic, gender and cultural surgery . Palgrave. ISBN: 1-4039-1299-8. Gilman, Sander (2005). Creating Beauty to Heal Soul: Race and Psychology in Esthetic Surgery Formation . Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2144-0.
- Haiken, Elizabeth (1997). Venus Envy: History of Cosmetic Surgery . Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBNÃ, 0-8018-5763-5.
- Atkinson, M. (2008). Exploring the femininity of men in times of crisis': men and cosmetic surgery. Body & amp; Society, 14 (1), 67-87.
External links
Media related to plastic surgery on Wikimedia Commons
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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